Government Studies Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Role of Government in Public Budgeting and Finance Case Study
Introduction
Public budgeting and finance are concepts that are common when explaining the role and responsibility of the government in managing public finance. In this case study, the researcher will critically review the budgetary policies and processes used in the United Arab Emirates. According to Stouffer, the government of the United Arab Emirates is heavily in the economy of the country not only as a regulator but also as a player in the business sector (45). The government controls some of the leading corporate entities. The case study primarily focuses on the role of government in budgeting and finance as a planner of public resources. The study will look at the significance of the government as a leading participant in promoting the economy’s growth through its various investments into a number of industries.

The United Arab Emirates is one of the leading economies in the MENA region, considered the second largest after Saudi Arabia. The economy of the country is heavily dependent on the oil and gas sector, just like many other regional countries which have rich oil reserves. However, the government has been shifting focus from the oil and gas sector to the service sector. According to Stouffer, the government has been spending heavily on the country’s infrastructure as a way of sparring growth in other sectors (82). Tourism has been one of the sectors that the government has been trying to promote by heavily investing in security, social amenities, transport and communication infrastructure, and in many other areas that can promote local tourism. According to Kemp, in its budgetary policies and processes, the government has been making deliberate efforts to ensure that public resources are spent proactively to spur growth in other sectors of the economies other than the oil and gas sector (89). The impact of the government efforts has been evidenced in terms of economic growth. The city of Dubai is currently one of the top global tourist destinations in the world, thanks to the effort that the government has made in investing in this sector.

Linkage of the case to Budgetary Policies and Processes
The deliberate effort of the government to increase its investment in the tourism sector as shown in the above case can be closely linked to the topic of budgetary policies and processes. Public budgeting is defined differently in different fields. The definition is given by the political class is different from the way it is defined by the economists. In this context, the study will use the definition given by economists. Robinson defines public budgeting as “a matter of allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one consumer takes resources away from another consumer, ” (92). It means that the government has to be very keen to ensure that the allocation of resources is done in the best way possible.

The chosen option should be preferable to the foregone option. In this case, it has been demonstrated that the government of the United Arab Emirates is currently involved in investment in the tourism sector. It means that further investment into the petroleum sector is a foregone cost. It must be demonstrated that the foregone investment into the petroleum sector is justifiable. It means that the investment in the tourism sector is able to generate enough income for this firm to exceed what would have been obtained from the petroleum sector if the resources would have been used there. It is, therefore, very clear that this case is closely linked with the budgetary policies and processes.

Main Body of the Project
Budgetary policies and processes are some of the most important roles of the government as a planner of public resources. It is important to start by clearly defining these two concepts. Robinson defines budgetary policy as “government attempts to run a budget in equilibrium or in surplus,” (44). The primary reason for developing a budget is to ensure that public expenses are in line with the revenues to reduce or possibly avoid public debt. The estimates are given in line with what the government expects to collect within a given period. Budgetary policies seek to avoid budget deficit as much as possible unless it is assured that there will be alternative sources of finance to fund the deficit. Wildavsky and Swedlow define the budgetary process as a “process by which governments create and approve a budget,” (67). The creation and approval of a budget is a very complex process that requires the involvement of a number of experts. Financial, economic, legal, and political experts must come together in this process. They have to start by reviewing what the government has to spend within a given financial year, the primary needs that cannot be ignored by the government within that period, and conduct a delicate balance between the limited resources and the unlimited needs. These experts must balance development needs for the country with the need to meet recurrent expenditure. According to Hinka, an economy that is overburdened by recurrent expenditure cannot grow effectively (84).

In the case provided, it has been explained that the government of the United Arab Emirates has been shifting its focus from the oil and gas sector to the service sector. Emirates such as Dubai have completely become service-based economies, promoting tourism and business. This shift has been made possible through serious investment into the transport and communication sectors. In the transport sector, the government has made heavy investments in rail and road transport. Rail transport in Dubai is one of the best railway networks in the region, comparable to those in the developed economies in Europe. The government has not only invested in the roads, but also in purchasing public service vehicles. This choice to invest in the transport sector has had a positive ripple effect on other sectors of the economy, proof that the government made the right decision to invest in this sector.

According to Wildavsky and Swedlow, improved means of transport are one of the reasons why tourists prefer going to Dubai when on vacation (95). They can visit various social amenity centers within a short time because traffic jams even during peak hours have been eliminated. The business community has also benefitted a lot from the improved transport network within this city. According to Robinson, Dubai is currently one of the top business hubs used by various top multinational corporations as a center from where their products are distributed to the international community (58). Chinese exports have been using this city as a hub from where their products are sold to the international markets. It means that the government is achieving its objective of trying to shift its economy from that which relies on the oil and gas sector to that which relies on the service sector. The budget planning is based on a three-year cycle.

Kemp says that this cycle was developed to ensure that the government can have a strategic plan to focus on the development path that it wishes to take (43). There is a yearly financial budget that helps in reviewing the progress being made within the three-year period. According to Baker and English, one of the cardinal rules that have to be followed in public budgeting is to ensure that the primary needs of the public are met (76). The government of the UAE is headed by the political class. The political class knows that the real power lies with the public. They know that the only way of remaining in power is to ensure that the needs of the public are met so that issues such as revolution are not witnessed. Sometimes the interest of the political class may not be effectively focused on meeting developmental projects. For instance, the minimum wage is always one of the emotive political issues.

The political class knows that increasing the public wage bills may affect the government’s capacity to meet its developmental agenda. However, there is always the fear that containing the wage bill through strategies such as early retirements, sustainable salaries, and such other related strategies may cause public dissatisfaction. In the United Arab Emirates, this is one of the areas that the government has been keen to manage as it seeks to spur economic development. For instance, the Dubai government has always maintained a manageable wage bill by empowering the private sector to be the leading investors in various sectors. As such, instead of focusing on managing the wage bill, the government has time to focus on development issues in the economy.

Conclusion
Public budgeting and public finance are very critical issues of governance that determine the economic growth of a given country. As shown in the discussion above, government planners must be conscious of one of the cardinal rules of economics that unlimited needs must always be balanced to ensure that they can be met using limited resources. Budgeting policy is to always have a budget surplus as a way of avoiding debts. Debts always limit the growth of the economy. As such, when drawing a budget to meet the numerous needs, this should happen within the set limits. Expenses that are not urgent can be pushed to later days so that more urgent public needs can be met. From the case, it is evident that the government of the United Arab Emirates has been keen on balancing between recurrent expenditures, which are often classified as urgent expenses, and developmental expenditures.

Its involvement in the investment sector has earned its income that is spent on developmental projects. The country’s transport and communication infrastructure are one of the most developed in the region. These developments have made it easy to do business in cities such as Dubai. The government gets to benefit from such developments in various ways. First, its businesses become more efficiently run because the movement of people and goods is made simple. Secondly, the improved infrastructure has attracted more foreign direct investment into the country, meaning the country is able to earn more income through tax.

Works Cited
Baker, Harold, and Philip English. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today’s Investment Projects. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011. Print.

Hinka, Roman. Budgeting: Approaches and Shortcomings. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2007. Print.

Kemp, Sid. Budgeting for Managers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.

Robinson, Nelson. Windy: Government Expenditure. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co, 2015. Print.

Stouffer, Tere. The Only Budgeting Book You’ll Ever Need. Avon, Mass: Adams Media, 2012. Print.

Wildavsky, Aaron, and Brendon Swedlow. Budgeting and Governing. New Brunswick Transaction Publ, 2001. Print.

Physiology Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Patient Case Study Analysis. Management of Obesity Essay
A patient case study analysis is an outline of diagnosis and the ongoing treatment. The patient, in this case, will be called Mr. P, who is a 24-year old male, 6.0 feet tall, and weighs 280 pounds. As per the height and weight, he has a body mass index (BMI) of 38, which, according to clinical standards, indicates obesity. A normal BMI ranges from 24-29.9; anything above 30 is considered obese. Mr. P has been experiencing increased heart rate for quite a while and fears that his body fat might be the primary cause. According to the medical protocol, he needs to lower his BMI to achieve a normal heartbeat, improve his self-esteem, and acquire the desired body shape.

Obesity is one of the most common health concerns among the youth. In the United States, the rise of the condition among youngsters is associated with the decline in physical activity. Research shows that young people spend most of their time indoors engaged in the Internet (Heymsfield & Wadden, 2017). According to Sanyaolu et al. (2019), around 1.9 billion adult individuals globally are overweight. Also, over 340 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 have the same condition. The disease is life-threatening; it results from excessive fat accumulation in the body that may impair well-being, increase the risk of cardiovascular ailment, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure, among other illnesses.

Mr. P’s current pressing medical issue is the rise in his heartbeat, which has negatively impacted his usual daily activities. It weighs his body down because he cannot walk like he used to; he cannot lift heavy things. Additionally, he reveals that his weight has affected him psychologically. His health condition is accompanied by low self-esteem, poor body image, and inability to partake in various activities like his peers, for instance, sports. Further, his love life has been adversely impacted by the excessive eight, and his relationships always end based on his condition, which demoralizes him.

The Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)
BEE is the amount of energy adequate to cover all movement and bodily activities essential for a living thing to survive for a day, given in kcal/day or kJ/day. The calculation will consider moderate stress level, and this is because Mr. P’s emotional status has not yet affected his everyday functioning. The BEE will also include light daily undertakings like walking and less engaging house chores. He can only do minor things, not anything that involves heavy lifting or high-energy use.

For men,

B.E.E. = 66.5 + (13.75 x kg) + (5.003 x cm) – (6.775 x age)

66.5 + (13.75 x 127) + (5.003 x 182.88) – (6.775 x 24)

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66.5+1746.25+ 914.94-162.6= 2565.09

B.E.E= 2565 kcal/d

Comparison of Basic Energy Requirements (Calories) with Nutritional Intake
Mr. P’s condition is not severe, so he uses the normal feeding process, enteral feeding. It refers to food intake via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. To calculate his daily caloric requirement, it will consider the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR), the number of power individuals requires in relaxing. BMR incorporates up to sixty to seventy percent of the energy consumed daily (Howell & Kones, 2017). One of the most precise approaches to approximating the BMR rate is through the Harris-Benedict formula. After getting the BMR, it will be multiplied with the level of activity an individual engages in; with Mr. P, it will be the sedentary category which indicates little or no exercises, which equals 1.2.

Adult male: 66 + (6.3 x body weight in lbs.) + (12.9 x height in inches) – (6.8 x age) = BMR

Daily caloric requirement = BMR x 1.2

66 + (6.3 x 280) + (12.9 x 72) – (6.8 x 24)

66 + (1764) + (928.8) – (163.2)

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66 + 1764 + 928.8 -163.2= 2595.6

BMR=2596

Caloric requirement = 2596 x 1.2 =3115.2

The daily calorie needs for my client = 3115

Mr. P’s Current Daily Nutritional Intake and Calorie Value
Breakfast
1 glass of chocolate milk= 208
5 slices of bread 75 calories per slice =375
3 fried eggs=300
Lunch
1 place of rice = 272
Cooked bean=200
1 cup of mixed vegetables= 118
500ml soda= 203
Four o’clock snack
1 cup of tea= 82
50g slice of cookie= 250
Dinner
Pizza 4 slices = 1140
1 slice of chicken = 239
1 beer = 154
The total daily calorie consumption for my client is approximately 3541.

The Patient’s Nutritional Needs
Mr. P wants to reduce weight; changing his diet will be the primary treatment approach towards achieving his treatment goals. The main aim will be to reduce carbohydrates, fats, and sugars, which are the major contributors to energy. Therapy will then increase the intake of proteins, vegetables, fruits, and water. Fruits and vegetables contain low-calorie content, while proteins will help activate high metabolism levels for the system to shade accumulated body fat. According to the calculations above, Mr. P is taking more calories than his body requires. To decrease his accumulated fats, he needs to lower his calorie intake than what the body needs to ensure that the metabolic process burns extra body fat.

Effective treatment needs to incorporate appropriate nutrition and exercise, which are the best methods to weight loss within short periods. Nutritionists advise that lowering carbohydrates consumption by 1,000 calories daily, the equivalent of 2Ibs weekly, might be harmful and can cause adverse effects by interfering with digestion. Shading 2Ibs and higher has a probability of decreasing muscles, which lowers BMR. Denying the body of the nutrients it needs, which has severe detrimental impacts, and losing kilos this way is unsustainable (Howell & Kones, 2017). Also, while reducing calorie intake, it is vital to sustaining the rates of fiber consumption and other dietary requirements to stabilize the body’s necessities.

Research has confirmed that many people choose to reduce their calorie intake by 500 kcal per day to achieve weight loss. The famous worldly formula for healthy weight reduction is burning 3,500 calories to lose 1 pound or 0.45kgs in a week. Mr. P’s energy need per day is 3115 while he is taking approximately 3541. With the above formula, though the researchers argue it is dangerous for one to lose 1000 calories per day, it is not the case for Mr. P because he is taking extra food, and only reducing 1000 energy will help him achieve his therapeutic objectives (Howell & Kones, 2017). The treatment goal is to maintain a 2541 nutritional intake under the normal range of 2,800-3,000 for men in his age group.

Mr. P has a table consisting of food daily intake, including high levels of carbohydrates, sugars, and fats intake. In this part, the eating timetable reduces starches, sugars, fats and increases protein, vegetables, fruits, and water intake to maintain 2541 calories daily. If the patient follows the program to the latter, he will lose 7000 Cal in one week, equivalent to 2 pounds. Though the recommended is 3500 per week, our main reason for 1000 is because Mr. P is currently taking more food than his body requires. Mr. P will try this formula for two weeks; if it affects his health, he will retrieve it to 500 Cal in a day.

Breakfast
1 glass of chocolate milk= 208
3 slices of bread 75 calories per slice = 225
3 fried eggs=300
1 cup of vegetables= 118
Lunch
1 place of rice = 272
Cooked bean=200
1 cup of mixed vegetables= 118
1 banana and 1 apple = 225
Four o’clock snack
Oatmeal porridge= 339
Dinner
Vegetables = 118
1 slice of chicken = 239
2 apples= 190
2liters of water throughout the day
Total daily intake will be approximately 2552

Conclusion
Studies have shown that obesity is one of the health issues causing many physical and psychological pains. Through nutrition, many people have been able to improve their conditions and beat the disease. Calculating the BEE, BMR, and caloric needs and documenting daily food intake is the only way to monitor whether nutrition works for specific patients. Mr. P will also engage in exercise, walking for a start since he cannot do major exercise. Discipline is critical in using a diet to reduce body fats; the patient must avoid foods they like that are not necessary for the body.

References
Heymsfield, S. B., & Wadden, T. A. (2017). Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 376(3), 254-266, Web.

Howell, S., & Kones, R. (2017). “Calories in, calories out” and macronutrient intake: the hope, hype, and science of calories. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 313:608–612, Web.

Sanyaolu, A., Okorie, C., Qi, X., Locke, J., & Rehman, S. (2019). Childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: A public health concern. Global Pediatric Health, 6, Web.

Philosophy Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Philosophical Theories: Being and Becoming Essay
Introduction
Philosophy is a term that was coined from a Greek phrase translating to mean, “The love of wisdom” (Soccio, 2009). Today, we talk of a person’s Philosophy thereby making the assumption that philosophy refers to his belief system and general way of life. We can therefore say that everybody has a philosophy although not everybody is a philosopher. In the past, philosophers were reputed to be to be full of wisdom which stemmed from the fact that they were willing to ask hard questions that had baffled mankind for years. Plato is an example of one of the most phenomenal philosophers.

Being and Becoming
Plato was a progeny of Socrates and he was also a member of the Athenian aristocracy which was responsible for the death of Socrates. When he saw that the regime had killed his mentor, Plato decided to begin his own school so as to teach wisdom to the rulers. Plato’s metaphysics comprises of changeless essences. These essences are referred to as forms (Strauss, 1964). He partitioned reality into three distinct groups or levels. Level one is the timeless being. The last two levels together form the becoming. Becoming is described as a level of change. Plato observed that contention only happens at the becoming level and not at the being level (Diogenes, 2003).

Drawing from the example of the sophists, a people who were constantly on the lookout for changing customs of the world, Plato observed that they could not get a hold of wisdom since truth is immutable. He in fact used his theory on being and becoming to prove false the sophist theories (Kreis, 2009). Plato observed that the people that were living at the becoming level were the most redundant of the population as they were wanting in their imagination (McDonald, 2000).

Plato’s view of life has changed the way many things are viewed today. The concept of becoming and being has been instrumental in the understanding not only of life issues but also of some of the scientific procedures (Savvit, 2006). The ideas were the foundation on which the logic theory was designed. It consequently made the scientist and mathematicians realize better and easier methods to dealing with some real world issues.

When he wanted an analogy of good, Plato referred to the sun. From a scientific point of view, the sun is actually the source of all life on earth. Animals need the warmth from it to survive while plants need the light from it to photosynthesize. He therefore was trying to say that good is the pivot of everything else in life. But unlike the sun which can actually be seen by the naked eye, good can neither be seen nor felt. Good can only be realized by its results (Wheeler, 1997).

Conclusion
Plato’s suggestion of the becoming and being model has partitioned life into two. One is either at the being level or at the becoming level. The being level is the lowest and Plato actually suggested that the people at this level we in fact the most unimaginative of the population. The second level which is called the being level is of those that have graduated from the lower level and are thought to be wise as they have learnt to engage their brain.

References
Diogenes, L. & Sedley, D. (2003). Plato’s Cratylus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kreis, S. (2009). Greek Thought: Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. The History Guide. Web.

McDonald, F. (2000). Plato’s Cosmology: The Timaeus of Plato. London: Routledge

Savvit, S. (2006). Being and Becoming in Modern Physics. Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy.

Soccio, J. (2009). Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy. London: Cengage Learning.

Strauss, L. (1964). The City and Man. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Wheeler, C. (1997). Plato’s Enlightenment: The Good as the Sun. History of Philosophy Quarterly, 14(2), 171-188.

Finance Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Financial Management Small Case Case Study
Introduction
Agency relationship refers to an agreement act between two parties, the principal and an agent. In the relationship, the principal assigns the agent tasks to perform on their behalf. From a financial management perspective, the principal can be the company stakeholders, while the agent is a manager the company has employed to run daily operations on their behalf (Panda & Leepsa, 2017). As the sole employee of the organization and also the only investor in the company, there would be no agency conflicts. There are only two possible scenarios where agency conflict may occur.

Firstly, there has to be an agent acting on behalf of the principal. Secondly, the interests of the principal and the agent must be different. Typically, the principals may be interested in better performance and share prices, while the agent is interested in compensation, power, or promotion (Panda & Leepsa, 2017). At the beginning of operating my company, there is no agent running company tasks on my behalf because I do it by myself. In turn, all my interests in the company are aligned with my desires and do not conflict with those of any agents or principals.

Agency Costs: Agency Cost of Debt
Agency costs refer to the costs due to conflicting interests between the principals and the agent. In most cases, there may be conflicting interests because the agent has more information and fewer incentives in the company compared to the stakeholders. Agency costs result when the agent makes decisions that are not in the best interests of the principals or when the principals prevent the agent from prioritizing their interests over that of the principals (Panda & Leepsa, 2017). Raising funds from outside lenders would create debt-holder relations with the company. In the most likely scenario, the debt-holders may act as the principal and I, the agent.

Similarly, in this case, the agency cost of debt may occur due to the nature of the relationship between the debtholders and the company management. In an unlikely case, the management (myself) may undertake risky decisions such as going public with an IPO, which would probably benefit the stakeholders (myself) than them. To mitigate these costs, the lenders may seek to regulate how their money is used through constraints. One of the common constraints is the debt covenants, where the lender restricts the expenditure actions of the borrower.

Corporate Governance
Corporate governance refers to a set of mechanisms by which a company is run and managed and includes the interaction among key participants to shape the performance and progress of the company. These participants may include shareholders, the management team, and the board of directors. Interactions include how the various parties interested in the company make and implement effective strategic decisions. On the other hand, performance and progress may include creating a balance between the economic and societal goals of the company. The five internal corporate governance provisions that are under an organization’s control include:

Providing funding for a project or initiative being run by the company.
Repaying company loans, debts, and balances within the set periods.
Attracting and retaining the best management talent to ensure smooth and organized operation of the company.
Meeting shareholder expectations and objectives considering their importance to the welfare of the company.
Planning both short and long-term moves with the growth and prosperity of the company in mind.
Stock Option Compensation Plan
Stock option compensation is when an employee is rewarded with a predetermined number of shares bearing a set price instead of cash or other forms of payments. Accordingly, this option is common in startups that may not have enough cash on hand to competitively pay their best employees. In this option, the awarded stock is put under a defined vesting period after which the employee can collect and sell it. Incentive stock options (ISOs) are exclusively offered to employees and bear certain tax advantages compared to non-qualified stock options (NSOs). For instance, an employee can be offered a set number of shares at $20 per share, each vesting 30% for three years. Before the expiry time, the employee pays $20 for each share, regardless of the stock price changes during this period.

Additionally, there are various problems associated with the use of stock as a compensation option, both for the company and the employee. Firstly, unless an employee is offered an ISO, stock compensation options can bear complicated tax implications for the employee. The employee may be implicated in several tax regulations, including fiduciary tax, registration and expense costs and treatment, and deductibility of tax. Secondly, the shareholder may be affected by the dilution of their shares in the long term. With the maturity of their compensations, the shareholder may dilute a certain percentage of the shares with the company. Thirdly, both the company and employee/shareholder may find it difficult to value the share options. Unless the compensation is performance-based, stock options do not factor in the performances of the employee/executive and may reward them despite poor business outcomes. Finally, the employee will have to rely on the collective performance or output of other employees to earn bonuses accrued to their stock compensations. In a typical scenario, the employee under stock compensation does not have control over the bonuses.

How Regulatory Agencies and Legal Systems Affect Corporate Governance
Corporate governance relates to how the input of various parties interested in the organization works to ensure its performance. On the other hand, regulatory agencies and legal systems determine the degree of protection of shareholder and societal rights. Typically, their role is to ensure that organizations do not engage in malpractices and manipulation of stakeholders. Various studies have determined that shareholder protection and stock market liquidity are closely related and influenced by the availability of regulatory agencies and legal systems. Stock market liquidity refers to the rate of stock turnover and indicates the performance and profitability of organizations. For example, countries that have implemented strong legal and regulatory frameworks for the protection of the rights of shareholders enjoy highly liquidity stock markets. Those with weaker frameworks have low liquidity and unattractive stock markets.

Based on the highlighted relationship, the presence of regulatory agencies and legal systems ensures robust shareholder protection rights. In turn, the management of the organization is more transparent and effective and avoids making decisions that are inclined toward their own interests. Overall, these actions increase the quality of both internal and corporate governance. In such cases, this outcome is manifested by high stock market liquidity. On the other hand, the lack of regulatory agencies and legal systems implies more conflict between the principals and the agent. More conflicts where decision-making is self-centered may translate to poor internal and corporate governance.

References
Panda, B., & Leepsa, N. (2017). Agency theory: Review of theory and evidence on problems and perspectives. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 10(1), 74-95.

Sociology Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Approach to the Client of a Social Worker: Case Study Case Study
Martin is ten years old and has been living with his mother for the past seven years. His father, Jacob, lost his job a year after he had born. He tried looking for new employment, but most of the positions required someone with both soft and technical skills. According to his wife, Mary, he always complained of being denied employment because he was black. He also lamented that black men needed more education than white to get jobs. The same views were echoed in the study by Pedulla and Pager (2019), who claimed that African Americans faced a systematic disadvantage in the job market. After realizing that he could not provide for his family, Jacob resorted to drinking and became increasingly abusive. When the situation worsened, the wife decided to go and live with her grandmother, who later passed on when Martin was six years.

Mary has been raising her child alone for the past four years, sometimes working three jobs a day. However, things worsened when she noticed her son had become more isolated. One week ago, she received a call from the school after Martin was involved in a fighting incident. According to the school principal, Martin had recently been quiet but violent when disturbed. His mother tried talking to him, but he became non-compliant. He has since refused to eat and spends much time locked up in his room. According to Lan (2021), children of single parenting suffer several effects, such as loneliness and emotional problems. This explains why Martin is hardly jovial; he rarely speaks.

Before visiting the agency, she tried reaching out to her husband, who refused to help. He even claimed that Martin was not his biological son and wanted nothing to do with him. Upon arrival at the facility, Mary was desperate and needed someone to talk to. Therefore, the nurse provider should view him as part of and inseparable from a family and social network (Broderick & Blewitt, 2020). Most importantly, the nurse should try to understand why Martin seemed unconcerned with everything that was happening around him.

References
Broderick, P. C., & Blewitt, P. (2020). The life span: Human development for helping professionals (5th Edition). Merrill/Prentice Hall.

Lan, X. (2021). Disengaged and highly harsh? Perceived parenting profiles, narcissism, and loneliness among adolescents from divorced families. Personality and Individual Differences, 171, 110466.

Pedulla, D. S., & Pager, D. (2019). Race and networks in the job search process. American Sociological Review, 84(6), 983-1012.