History Essay

by admin | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

Rising to Prominence: The History of the British Empire Essay
Introduction
The British Empire was the strongest empire between the 16th and the 20th centuries. Several factors accelerated its rise to prominence. This paper discusses these factors using information from a book titled the History of the British Empire.

The Location of the Document
I visited the Beaton Institute’s official website and clicked on the archive search option. I then typed the British Empire and it opened the Google Custom Search option. Google search opened seven other options. I clicked on the “Great Empires” and several other options were revealed. However, I realized they were not the ones I wanted.

Therefore, I had use the new search space to refresh my search. So, I once again typed “the British Empire” in the search space. The new search engine, “Search CBU and Beyond” gave me ten results, and I chose a book titled “The History of the British Empire” by Julian Birkett, Basil Comely and Jeremy Paxman.

Relevant Historical Context
The British Empire was the biggest empire at its peak, between the end of the 16th century and the 18th century (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). It included the entire United Kingdom and its colonies. As such, it covered approximately 33, 700, 000 square kilometres. This was about a quarter of the world’s surface area. It had close to 460 million subjects under its leadership (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). Due to its expansive region, it was nicknamed “the Empire on Which the Sun Never Sets”-at least one of its colonies saw the sun when it was night elsewhere.

Portugal and Spain were the pioneers in matters of exploration and later colonialism. They amassed massive amounts of wealth, which attracted England, Netherlands and France to the colonization of other countries in the world. Winning the series of wars that broke up between England and these two other countries and later its union with Scotland to form the Great Britain gave it an advantage over its competitors (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012).

Therefore, the Great Britain emerged as the greatest colonial master in the Northern America and India. However, the independence of America and other colonies in the 1700s almost destabilized the empire. Leaders had to look for other regions to extend their conquest. Therefore, they went to Africa, Asia and the Pacific (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). When they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo, the empire enjoyed a one hundred-year period without being challenged by any other country.

Nevertheless, the emergence of Germany and America in the 20th century posed stiff competition to the Great Britain. They challenged them in economic and military matters. This competition was responsible for both the First World War and the Second World War (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). Many of the UK’s former colonies in South-East Asia were under the control of Japan.

Though the British and their allies won the war, it proved that their position as the strongest empire in the world was no longer as stable as it had been in the previous century. They could not claim to be unchallengeable since other countries had almost successfully challenged them, and it had taken extensive support from the allies for them to win (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012).

Shortly after the wars, British Colonies began fighting for independence. In fact, most of them got their independence from around 1947. The loss of India was a very big loss to the Britons (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). It had been their most valuable possession for over a hundred years. The independence wave slowly moved to all the other parts of the world, and eventually, all the colonies gained independence.

The passing on of Hong Kong to the Chinese government in 1997 was the main gesture of the end of the British Empire (Paxman, Comely & Birkett, 2012). Many former colonies then resorted to the formation of the Commonwealth of Nations.

Critical Analysis
This document is a masterpiece in the understanding the history of the British Empire. It gives massive details about the rise and fall of the British Empire between the 16th and the 20th Centuries. It attributes the success of Britain to its military and economic powers in this period. It is clear from the document that Britain was unmatched in terms of military skills since it easily defeated its competitors: France, Netherlands and later Germany and Japan.

In addition, it conquered a wider region in the whole world compared to any other country. It also came from behind and overtook both Spain and Portugal, who were the pioneers, in matters of exploration, conquest and the spread of their civilization to other parts of the world.

During the last periods of the British Empire, their relationship with their colonies and allies helped them maintain their position as the greatest empire in the world. They used people from their colonies and the military support from their allies in fighting their enemies in both the First and Second World Wars. The loss of the colonies and the emergence of the United States of America led to the eventual fall of the British Empire.

Conclusion
The British Empire emerged as a result of its military and economic ability. It used these two areas of strength in subduing their competitors. In later years, it used manpower from its colonies in defeating their competitors. The empire fell in the late 20th century due to the loss of its colonies.

Reference
Paxman, J., Comely, B., & Birkett, J. (2012). The History of the British Empire. London: BBC.

History Essay

by admin | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Formation of American History Essay
The Historical “Truth”
History is something other than tidbits; however, its intricacy makes it hard for us to adapt precisely why things happened in the manner in which they did. History is an intricate crossing point of realities, predisposition, and expectations (Hunt, 2019). A look at two altogether different history specialists shows the reach and trouble inborn in the investigation of the past. It is frequently hard to sort out various individuals’ forms of “reality” and build one reasonable story. That does not mean we cannot gain from history. It implies that we should be cautious with the examples we draw. History requires critical thinking and an examination of the wellspring of data. Recollect that any information should be addressed and checked for the believability of the narrator (Hunt, 2019). For example, to study the civil war, I would gather and examine the records of several authorized historians of history and journals of direct participants of the war.

The Issue of Immigration in The United States
The United States started managing the movement long before it won freedom from Great Britain, and the laws since established have mirrored the legislative issues and transient progressions of the occasion. Dislodged people who were escaping mistreatment fled to the United States. During the Great Depression and World War II, barely any foreigners needed to go to the United States wrongfully, and the Bracero program permitted a portion of the people who may have come illicitly to enter on a visa (Manchester, 2018). The Civil Rights development situated popular assessment against the public amount framework, laying the foundation for change. The number of illegal immigrants developed partially because the 1965 demonstration did not make way for lower‐skilled laborers to enter the nation and lawfully work (Manchester, 2018). Generally, the U.S. movement framework stays divided as of 2021. In later years, laws and official activities were formed by worries about immigrants, unapproved migration, and psychological warfare (Border Wall System n.d.). Comparative with a framework that focuses on monetary commitments and makes pathways for migrants to work in the United States lawfully, the current framework obliges financial development.

Two-Party System History
A key differentiation should be made between the two-party framework as it is found in the United States and as it is found in Great Britain (The Good Stuff, 2016). As I would like to think, the United States has consistently hosted a two-gathering framework, first in the resistance between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists and afterward in the opposition between the Republicans and the Democrats. The ideological groups of the 1790s arose in light of conflicts on more than three principal issues: the idea of government, the economy, and international strategy (Yahoo News, 2020). Disputes regarding how the United States ought to be represented arose following the transformation. These conflicts heightened impressively in the nineteenth century (Yahoo News, 2020). That period, set apart by doubt, the ascent of factional papers, and significant contentions about the fate of the United States, give the starting points of the two-party framework in the United States today.

Regulations on Race and Gender
Under the customary law of both England and the United States, a married lady partook in a legitimate status just somewhat better than a slave. Until the mid-nineteenth century, wedded American women in no state could own property, make a will, acquire, sue, go into an agreement, or exercise some other of her most essential social equality (Glynn, n.d.). In a much fiercer manner, the establishment of subjugation stripped Black Americans of all their human, political, and social privileges. Women and Blacks in America have shared a typical encounter, particularly regarding those privileges secured by the Fourteenth Amendment. Sexism and bigotry in American culture have forestalled women and African American men from partaking in the right (Scott, 2019). Each has been restricted by the law before; consequently, the requirement for the law to redress the impacts of this segregation in the present. The custom-based law of misdeeds additionally plainly mirrored the legitimate nonexistence of women and slaves. A spouse reserved no option to sue her significant other, similar to a slave reserved no privilege to sue his lord.

References
Border Wall System. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (n.d.). 2021, Web.

Glynn, S. J. (n.d.). Explaining the gender wage gap. Center for American Progress. Web.

The Good Stuff. (2016). Is America More Divided Than Ever? [You Tube]. Web.

Hunt, L. (2019). History why it matters. Polity.

Manchester, J. (2018). Border Patrol official says Trump’s proposed wall would be ‘absolutely’ helpful. TheHill. Web.

Scott, E. (2019). Analysis | most Americans say race relations are a major problem, but few discuss it with friends and family. The Washington Post. Web.

Yahoo News. (2020). Coronavirus and the lessons of the 1918 pandemic for a world on edge [You Tube]. Web.

Chemistry Essay

by admin | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Chemical Revolution in the History of Chemistry Essay
Chemical revolution involved the conceptual change which followed the development of the oxygen theory by Lavoisier that replaced the then popular phlogiston theory. Several factors contributed to this revolution including Priestley and Cavendish experiments, which proved that air is a mixture of gases rather than a single element as the then conventional understanding.

The improvement in communication of scientific findings increased public interest in chemistry and contributed to the replacement of the old concepts with new concepts.

This paper will examine the traditional scientific concepts including the much celebrated phlogiston theory of early 18th century and relate it with Lavoisier’s new approach. Initially, Lavoisier’s aim was to seek new interpretation of the existing concepts but his discovery led to replacement of the phlogiston theory.

The phlogiston theory was popular and universal in the 18th century and this limited the development of new concepts. However, Perrin notes that, “Lavoisier’s quest for reinterpretation of ideas built on concepts of earlier investigators; Boyle and Mayow, led to the oxygen theory” (54).

Phlogiston theory was a major achievement from the traditional theoretical principles since the phlogiston could be chemically established.

The starting point of chemical revolution involved the phlogiston theory, which held that combustion of substances released a phlogiston. This theory also explained the converse process of calcinations. The fact that the concepts of this theory were not a mere speculation but had experimental evidence, made the theory popular and universally accepted in early 18th century.

Even Lavoisier submitted to the universality of this theory before his experiments led to a new discovery. Towards the end of the 18th century, many substances were identifiable in laboratory and the new Lavoisier concepts led to the replacement of the phlogiston theory.

Many factors contributed to the popularity of the phlogiston theory in the early 18th century. Before the phlogiston theory, it was believed that substances released the principle of inflammability when undergoing combustion and metals lost a metallic principle when undergoing calcinations.

Stahl experimentally identified the metallic principle and inflammability principles making his phlogiston theory popular. He was also able to make sulfur from its combustion products hence reversing the combustion process. Other concepts popular in the 18th century included the Etienne-Francois concepts regarding the reactivity of substances with each other and the rate of reactions.

Stahl developed the affinity tables where elements were arranged based on their reactivity which allowed a systematic study of reactions and identification of new elements.

However, some “British investigators led by Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley followed the isolation, identification of the properties and effects of the various components of air” (Perrin 71).

The major debate during this period especially in France revolved around the composition of air contained within bodies and its role. Some researchers believed that air was physically trapped within bodies while others argued that air is chemically combined in bodies like Gabriele-Françoise Venel.

Still others like Johann Theodor Eller held the view that decomposition produced the air trapped in the bodies. Nevertheless, in the midst of all these debates and ‘confusions’, Lavoisier’s experiments avoided the concepts of phlogiston theory and the affinity concepts laid down by earlier scientists.

Several factors contributed to Lavoisier’s success in coming up with new concepts to rival the phlogiston theory. His extensive reading of other scientists work coupled with inquisitiveness enabled him to note the differences between the findings and to design new experiments. He was also keen on the use of instruments to increase the accuracy of the results obtained from physical experiments.

He was able to dispute the conventional hypothesis held by chemists that solutions of air made up vapor and instead proposed that an igneous fluid was responsible for turning water into steam. He opposed Stahl’s view that air cannot be compressed to fit into a specific body, by proposing that compressed air occupies less space.

Lavoisier used quantitative physical methods that were not employed by researchers of the time, which allowed him to obtain reliable and accurate results. He kept records and data collected from scientific experiments such as thermometer and barometer readings. In addition, he used quantitative methods involving weight measurements that allowed him to relate the weight of reactants and products in his experiments.

From earlier Lavoisier’s experiments, it is evident that use of quantitative methods and the earlier concepts concerning air allowed Lavoisier to develop the oxygen theory that immensely contributed to chemical revolution. However, his efforts at the start of his experiments were primarily to increase the understanding of the existing concepts rather than to replace them. Later, after more discovery and innovations he disputed the phlogiston theory causing a major conceptual change.

In 1774, Lavoisier studied the residue formed after combustion of mercury called the ‘red precipitate’. According McEnvoy, the phlogiston theory postulated that metals emitted a phlogiston during combustion leaving behind a residue (calx) (311). Lavoisier established that the red precipitate when heated decomposed into metallic mercury without the addition of charcoal as earlier suggested by Stahl.

This presented a serious limitation of the phlogiston theory since the phlogistons were not involved in the calcinations process. The developments in Lavoisier’s experiments presented many anomalies regarding the concepts of the phlogiston theory. In the beginning, the weight increase though experimentally established, could not be attributed to addition of air during combustion and calcinations.

Still, the phlogiston theory was still relevant since there were no alternative concepts to explain these observations. The emergence of many alternative concepts by Lavoisier that produced anomalous results to the phlogiston theory led to the development of an alternative theory to replace the phlogiston theory.

In producing the new theory, Lavoisier established experimental evidence in support of his new concepts, which at the same time attacked the older doctrines of Stahl. This phenomenon comes out clearly in the late 1770s when Lavoisier produced experimental evidence that disputed the concepts of phlogiston theory while increasing strength of his oxygen theory.

During the same period, Lavoisier and Laplace innovated methods of quantitative measurement of heat, which allowed them to estimate the specific heats released by substances undergoing combustion. Lavoisier was now able to include these findings into his oxygen theory making it more understood.

An important discovery by Lavoisier that triggered the chemical revolution was the discovery of oxygen gas. Other researchers like Pierre Bayen in 1774, were able to isolate oxygen by heating mercury oxide but identified it as carbon dioxide. Joseph Priestley also managed to isolate the same gas but identified it as nitrogen (Perrin 67).

However, in 1775, Lavoisier, isolated and identified oxygen gas. He further noted that the gas was one of the components of atmospheric air thus contradicting the earlier concepts that the atmospheric air is homogeneous. This among other discoveries was revolutionary in chemistry.

Works Cited
McEnvoy, John. The Revolutionary Identity and the Chemical Revolution, 1993. Web.

Perrin, Chris. “Research Traditions, Lavoisier and the Chemical Revolution.” Osiris 2.4 (1988): 53-81.

Chemistry Essay

by admin | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

Importance of Knowing Chemistry Essay
Introduction
Chemistry is a very special subject. Every human being has a basic form of understanding concerning chemistry. Right from birth, it’s something that we use to learn the environment. Education notwithstanding senses tend to recognize our surroundings and what they are made up of in an unusual manner. This unusual manner uses chemistry a sense of recognizing the environment. The main senses in human beings that they are naturally endowed with are the sense of smell, touch, sight, hearing and tasting. These senses interact with the surroundings so that the recognition process can take place. Recognition involves the mind which has to carry out a sound judgment and help in deciding the course of action to take.

Description of the actions that chemistry provides
The body has receptors that pick something from the environment and help the body to recognize it. In our day to day living, science is employed to make so that we be able to make choices on where we stay, we eat an actually determine what kind of lives that we lead. In smelling, there are different kinds of receptors in the nose and in the body that sense a chemical. This sense interacts with the environment, pick the smell and relays a message to the brain. After that the brain can check the memory to see if it can recognize the smell and associate it with the material.

Although physical, touching also uses chemistry. The hands feel the texture of the surface. After relaying a message to the brain, someone can think and know which surface or what kind of object there really is around them. In hearing, the sound has to excite the noise receptors in the middle and the inner ear. Chemicals are involved in detecting this sound and it is relayed to the brain. The mind then can inform the body the next cause of action after getting the source and kind of the sound.

In tasting, the receptors which are located at the tongue’s taste buds, detect and differentiate what kind of food has been taken in. this helps one to know what kind of food one is to consuming and what to leave. When it comes to seeing, the photoreceptors that are located in the eye carry the message and relay it to the brain. The brain can think and connect with the other senses in a bid to recognize what object one has.

This sense of recognition relies on chemicals. Messages are relayed from theses senses to the brain. This messaging system relies on chemicals called transmitters. When there is a genetic disorder in the formation or transmission of this chemical the body has problems in recognizing the environment that surrounds it. Diseases also can affect the transmission of these chemicals. Diseases can also alter the way the body receives and interprets these chemicals. There is also a big problem in recognizing the environment especially when the mind is in an impaired state. Human beings who have this problem have to rely on others to make choices for them. This greatly affects the kind of lives that they lead.

With these senses, people get to know what king of lives that they are leading and what they want. They also know exactly where to leave. These senses help us to determine what choices that we make in life concerning food, what particular food that we are going to consume and how to make it the best that we want to take.

The senses also help people in learning who to live with and why they can live with those people. People are normally said to be disabled if they lack one or more senses. Their lives are not all that independent and they have to develop some special skills in a bid to survive. These people’s decisions in life are mostly influenced by others. An example is if they have to access the social amenities, has to help them.in reading and writing for the blind, had to develop Braille to help them carry out this duties. Without which most of the blind people would have had been illiterate. The people surrounding them also have to make their lives viable. They have to help them carry out specific duties like knowing where they are.

Conclusion
The presence or absence of this sense and how they work is the main thing that influences the kinds of lives that we lead. These senses influence the basic choices that we make in life. Chemistry is the greatest basis that influences all this courses of action concerning our lives.

Chemistry Essay

by admin | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

Chemistry Application in Daily Life Essay

Introduction
Chemistry involves more than the mere fact that that it entails the making of new combinations of chemical elements. It makes new combinations of industries and brings together different countries besides the chemical elements. It brings international competition, which results into the development of international cooperation.

Chemistry improves everyday life of millions of people around the globe. It helps in the protection of the environment, development of new live saving, medicine, design new materials for cars, electronics as well as medical implants. It has also played a pivotal role in the development of greener and more sustainable sources of energy.

Besides its usefulness, it has generated certain problems not only to the people but also to the environment. This paper focuses on the application of chemistry in life as well as some of the hazards that it has presented to life.

The application of chemistry in life
As the world’s population grows, some chemists are embarking on finding new ways of feeding the populations i.e. producing food. The senior vice president for chemical and physical sciences at DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Company asserts that genetic engineering could lead to the development of saltwater-tolerant plants that will grow food in most saline places (Zare 7).

Genetic engineering has also been applied in the production of drought resistant crops that have helped in increasing food security especially in the developing and third world countries. Other than genetic engineering, chemists have employed other means of increasing the supply of food to many nations.

Hydrolyzing wood pulp has played a pivotal role in transforming it into a fermentable substance that is used in the production of alcohol. For many years, the production of alcohol has been the main goal for the process. Recent research has led to the realization of more useful food elements. The action of highly concentrated hydrochloric acid transforms wood pulp into soluble carbohydrates and finally into wood pulp. Based on laboratory results, the process yields 75 parts of crude foodstuffs that contain 85% of pure carbohydrates (Slosson 324).

This means the process can extract 60% of the carbohydrates in dry wood. The product proved to be high in nutritive value to not only animal feed but also to food. Furthermore, chemistry has played a pivotal role in the development of fertilizers that enhance productivity if crops thus help in achieving food security in the world. Moreover, for food security to be attained there must be a method that prolongs the shelf life of the food products. Food preservatives enhance a prolonged shelf life of most agricultural products.

The knowledge of chemistry has enabled researchers to come up with drugs for addressing not only human but also animal diseases. The medicine that patients receive form health care institutions is all products of chemistry. It is noteworthy that drugs that are more efficient are continually being invented. China’s research and development in biotechnology and biopharmaceutical has prioritized genetic breeding of high-yield and high-quality crops, transgenic technology and animal cloning (Chen et al. 950).

Additionally, they have embarked on gene- and protein-engineered vaccines and drugs, gene therapy and drug discovery and development. Through the advanced technological advancements, there has been the development of new drugs that enable medical practitioners to treat certain diseases that have been challenging in history. Some of the advancements include the therapeutic hepatitis B vaccine, gene-engineered HBV antigen-antibody complex as well as artificial blood substitutes.

Chemical products that are available in the market such as disinfectants help in fighting disease-causing agents. They also help keep water secure. The water treatment process that makes water safe for consumption is mainly a series of chemical reactions (Hoffman 141). Chemistry is also essential in the textile industry e.g. during the bleaching processes. This also applies in the paper industry.

It also helps in establishing international relations through trade of chemical substances and technologies. It has led to the breakdown of natural monopoly while promoting national independence. For instance, approximately two decades ago one could say that Chile had a natural monopoly of the world’s supply of nitrates. Different nations have tapped into new ways of meeting their need of nitrates. One of the main ways that nations have achieved this is by the utilization of nitrogen from the nitrogen of the air through fixation.

The dangers of chemistry to life
According to Wilson and Schwarzman (1203), in the last five decades, synthetic chemicals have become integrated into nearly all industrial processes and the commercial products and they constitute the material base of the contemporary society. There has been an enormous growth in the production of synthetic chemicals.

For instance, statistics show that the U.S. reported having produced approximately 15 trillion pounds of chemical substances in 2002. In 2005, there was a high record of chemicals with chemical manufacturers having produced nearly 27 trillion pounds off chemicals. There were more than six thousand types of chemicals reported.

All the chemicals that are produced are directly or indirectly. Some of them are used in industrial processes as well as in the production of products for human consumption. Research has shown that “global chemical production is projected to continue growing-about 3% per year with a doubling rate of 24 years, rapidly outpacing the rate of global population growth” (Wilson and Schwarzman, 1203). The global increasing trend in the production of chemicals will lead to a similar increase in the hazards associated with such chemicals.

Almost everyone in the world has an encounter with many chemicals in everyday life due to the wide distribution of chemicals throughout the economy and the environment. This occurs in different scenarios such as in the work place, in homes, through the air, food, water as well as waste streams.

Bio-monitoring experts have reported that there has been an increase in the exposure of industrial chemicals as well as pollutants. The Center for Disease Control has confirmed the presence of certain pollutants as well as synthetic chemicals in the body of over 140 U.S civilians (a representative sample of the U.S population). Such bio-accumulative chemicals pose a great threat to the lives of the victims since most of them have proven to be carcinogenic.

Some individuals are victims of early life exposure of some of the hazardous chemicals. For some individuals it occurs via the placenta. Once the chemicals get into the fetus’ body system, they tend to accumulate and this has detrimental effects not only to the mother but also to the fetus. Medical practitioners have argued that such accumulation of chemical in the fetus interfere with the normal and healthy development of the baby (Woodhouse and Breyman, 220).

Additionally, such early exposure to chemicals during the developmental stages is associated with some cases of cancers, asthma as well as developmental disorders. According to Wilson and Schwarzman, the prenatal exposure of synthetic chemicals as well as their accumulation is the cause of some of the common abnormalities of the male reproductive system (1204).

Most industrial workers are usually exposed to the risk of having certain occupational diseases. As compared to individuals whose line of work is not within the chemical industry, the industrial workers have a higher probability of being exposed to dangerous or rather hazardous chemicals.

Over 40,000 cases of asthma (on an annual basis) in the European continent are associated with exposure of the victims to workplace chemicals. This is also true for dermatitis cases. The prevalence of such diseases can be reduced by improving the safety of work place chemicals. It would also reduce 4,300 cases of cancer per year.

Technological advancements in chemistry have also exposed humanity to hazardous waste. For instance in 2007 in California, there were cases of underground water contamination/pollution (Wilson and Schwarzman 1204). It was caused by the direct leakage of hazardous chemical wastes into the underground water sources.

This poses a threat-what the Department of Toxic Substances Control calls a major threat to human health or the environment. Most of the hazardous chemicals at the disposal sites are known dermatogens, neurotoxicants and carcinogens. Such incidences pose not only health but also environmental concerns to the communities that live in such neighborhoods.

Conclusion
The paper has discussed the application of chemistry in life as well as some of the hazards that it has presented to life. It aids the provision of solutions to some of the challenges of the 21st century. They include improving human health, finding sustainable sources of energy as well as protecting the environment.

Additionally, it has helped in addressing some of the problems that come with the advancement of technology in almost all the sectors of the economy. However, it has some life threatening effects to people besides being potentially disastrous to the environment. For instance, most of the synthetic chemicals are harmful to human health e.g. by being carcinogenic.

Works Cited
Chen, Zhu. Et al. “Life Sciences and Biotechnology in China.” Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences 362. 1482 (2007): 947-957. Print.

Hofmann, Mary. “Science of Everyday Things: Real Life Chemistry/ Science of Everyday Things: Real Life Physics.” School Library Journal 48.8 (2002): 141-143. Print.

Slosson, Edwin. “Chemistry Alters International Relations.” The Science-Newsletter 14. 398(1988): 323-324. Print.

Wilson, Michael, and Schwarzman, Megan. “Health Policy: Toward A New U.S Chemicals Policy: Rebuilding the Foundation to Advance New Science, Green Chemistry, and Environmental Health.” Environmental Health Perspectives 117.8(2009): 1202-1209. Print.

Woodhouse, Edward, and Breyman, Steve. “Green Chemistry as Social Movement?” Science, Technology, & Human Values 30.2 (2005): 199-222. Print.

Zare, Richard. “A Golden Age for Chemistry.” The Futurist 32.6 (1998): 7-9. Print.