Society Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Biracial People in Modern Society Case Study
Biracial people have many advantages that open many opportunities for the non-standard perception of the world. In this case, the reader is confronted with the story of a girl who has problems with the perception of her own identity. There are problems associated with the fact that the girl cannot detect her belonging to a particular group, which causes anxiety about the impossibility of having friends. This essay reveals various features of biracial people that allow them to feel their identity better. This is an opportunity to combine different cultural characteristics, which manifests itself in confidence and a decrease in the feeling of belonging to one particular group.

Multi-racial persons can have better self-esteem than mono-racial people if they are nurtured to identify with both parents and comprehend their diverse racial ancestry. An important feature here is that biracial people do not depend on the stereotypes that society imposes on other people. An example here is a situation where a person may face uncertainty or fear of failure since others may judge him as a stupid or uneducated person based on their race. That is why being a biracial person is less influenced by someone else’s opinion. The girl needs to realize her main feature, which allows her to adopt the qualities and characteristics of different cultures. In addition, another important characteristic that allows people to develop their own confidence better is a more excellent range of interests and hobbies (Weaver, 2020). This allows biracial people to strengthen their self-confidence since they are also independent of stereotypical ideas. In this case, they open up many opportunities related to professions or other things that could be perceived negatively by society in a normal situation.

The fact that multi-racial persons might inherit a more extensive range of characteristics is significant. Mixed-race offspring are more likely to inherit a variety of physical traits from both parents, allowing them to defy preconceptions. They can be brown-eyed blondes, fair-skinned tiny brunettes with various eye colors, or fair-skinned petite brunettes with various eye colors. There are many physical combinations for mixed-race children, especially when their parents do not look similar (Weaver, 2020). In reality, there have been reported occurrences of mixed-race twins that appear to be significantly different from one another, such as one who is fair-skinned while the other is brown-skinned. The girl needs to understand that various qualities do not limit her from belonging to a particular group, but the set opens up more opportunities. In this case, the feeling of dissimilarity should not become an obstacle, but on the contrary, it should be an advantage for the girl.

The sensation of vulnerability that comes with feeling like a person is just a part of a small minority in society is fading. Mixed-race persons are tired of constantly defending their identification and are more secure in asserting their own identity rather than accepting whatever society assigns them. Mixed-race persons have seldom opposed this imposition because they have historically been conditioned by the necessity to live in cultures controlled by single racial groupings (Weaver, 2020). Instead, people have merely conformed to whatever identity designations others have assigned to them or have arisen from previous interracial confrontations. On the other hand, the girl must recognize that the opportunity to establish her own identity is a significant duty.

Thus, summing up, it should be noted that biracial have unique characteristics that allow them to perceive the surrounding reality in a different way. This is manifested in overcoming the framework of stereotypical judgments and reducing the level of dependence on one racial group. All this also makes it possible to increase confidence and strengthen interactions with representatives of different, heterogeneous cultures. Thus, the girl from this case needs to learn to be aware of her own special identity.

Reference
Weaver, J. (2020). Identity development in biracial children: Contextual factors from social work. Keystone Journal of Undergraduate Research, 7(1), 13–22. Web.

Religion Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Religious Belief and Academic Content Case Study
The Meaning of Psalm 112
The passage describes the qualities and circumstances that should be present in true believers. It talks about how they will be wealthy and remembered forever, and how good will come to them. Furthermore, the passage notes that if any harm comes to believers, it is part of God’s design and temporary, as righteous people will always be victorious in the end. The psalm concludes by noting that wicked people are destined to fail and have their ambitions come to nothing.

It should be noted that the passage associates religious belief with righteousness. Inline 3, it explicitly indicates that followers of God are righteous, and in line 7, it describes righteous people as “trusting in the Lord” (Psalm 112). In doing so, it ascribes qualities such as generosity and perseverance to the followers of the religion while indirectly denying them to others. Ultimately, the passage appears to be saying that true goodness can only be found if one fears and obeys the Lord and that non-believers will eventually meet their downfall.

Church and Parishioners
The passage can provide some indications of how a church or other religious organization should treat its parishioners. For example, the generosity it associates with followers of the Lord can be interpreted to mean that such institutions should not demand money or resources, as those will be granted freely if the need is known. Furthermore, the church should exhibit the same qualities, offering shelter to the poor and continuing its operations regardless of the severity of its situation.

In regards to interacting with attendees and providing sermons, the psalm suggests that the church constantly remind the people that they are righteous and generally better people than the non-believers are. It should adapt to the overall situation and change the nature of the speeches to reflect that the people’s righteousness was the cause of the good times and that their perseverance would help them overcome the difficult periods. Furthermore, the psalm is not opposed to inciting negativity towards non-believers and claiming that they are wicked and doomed to fall.

Market Opportunities
While knowing about the customers, the competitors, and the state of the market, as well as that of the environment, is essential to understanding market opportunities, the information alone is insufficient to succeed in the task. According to Mullins (2013), one should be able to compile the data and analyze it together from a broader perspective. Furthermore, a marketer should be aware of the capabilities of their organization and plan accordingly to avoid overextending.

Many religious organizations have existed for a much longer time than the majority of the world’s companies, which are the focus of the modern marketing development, and have an established image in the minds of the majority of people. As such, it is usually unnecessary to spread awareness of a religion’s existence or its crucial tenets. Furthermore, according to Juravle, Sasu, and Spataru (2016), if a person has been aware of religion for a long time but has not joined it, he or she may have a substantial and private foundation for those choices. As such, a careless and aggressive promotion campaign could lead to backlash and negative results.

Nevertheless, a marketing campaign for a religious organization can succeed, and the proposition deserves consideration. However, traditional methods can be challenging to apply, as this variety of organization does not have the appeal of tangible benefits, like for-profit companies, or of satisfaction, like charitable institutions. A marketer should evaluate the primary attractions of his or her organizations, such as the community or the spiritual support, determine the appropriate population categories, and advertise to them in a non-intrusive fashion.

Church Organization Capabilities
Depending on their nature, religious organizations can offer numerous marketing benefits that can be used both as points of attraction and as tools for advertisement. One quality of religion, as opposed to commercial organizations, is that their audience is usually loyal and exclusive, adhering to the belief system for most of their lives and refusing to follow others. Another is the not-for-profit nature of the organizations that lend credence to their message, as there are typically no ulterior motives such as profit behind the attraction of new parishioners.

Depending on how tightly knit the religious community is, it can be used as a source of attraction for new members. It can provide people with the opportunity to socialize and network, qualities that are becoming more relevant nowadays. Furthermore, the community can provide a means of passive and active marketing. The former can be achieved by having members interact with people and be active on social networks, where the topic of religion will sometimes appear. The latter may be expressed as various social gatherings and charitable events organized by the church, which help spread awareness of the community and the organization.

The not-for-profit nature of religious organizations can be used to adapt their marketing to better suit modern tendencies. Past precedents have convinced many people to avoid giving the church power and to associate its traditional messages with gathering influence. As such, religious organizations should adapt their marketing to reflect the purely consensual and spiritual nature of their message and underline the independence of each member. A noticeable change would significantly contribute to overcoming prejudice and convincing people to join.

References
Mullins, J. W. (2013). Marketing management: A strategic decision-making approach (8th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Psalm 112. (n.d). Web.

Juravle, A., Sasu, C., & Spătaru, G. C. (2016). Religious marketing. SEA: Practical Application of Science, 4(2), pp. 335-340.

Art Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Art Museum mission statement Case Study
Mission statements have become a defining force in discussions of an organizational strategy. In fact, some strategists claim that a mission statement can provide an alternative to tedious work of corporate planning. This is because people define organizations by their mission statements. In fact, it is the mission statement that defines the long-term purpose of an organization in terms of its existence.

An organization’s strategies and objectives must support its mission statement. A standard mission statement should reflect the purpose of an organization, the main business agenda, principal values and beliefs, identify main stakeholders, and guiding principles on the code of conduct to direct staff how to behave. This paper takes the approach of internal transformation in defining a mission statement for Art Museum.

This is because the museum is an old organization faced with the need to change itself radically since it has no mission statement (Paul, Kenneth & John, 2004, p. 10). This mission state shall take into account the conflicting views of organizational culture at play in this scenario. This is the Art Museum mission statement.

Art Museum is a worldwide leader in integrating the community, academic affairs, and students into art. We are a leading educational resource center for all students from undergraduates to Ph.D. by combining various disciplines from engineering, mathematics, architecture to liberal arts. There is no other museum in the world that brings art to its stakeholders the way we do by integrating scholarly works and research.

The Art Museum mission statement strives to change the organization and radically provides a sense of purpose for its future directors. At the same time, it incorporates the opposing views of various stakeholders.

Accommodating conflicting expectations
Art Museum is an old organization which has come a long way with no mission statement to guide its previous directors and staff. Consequently, there are conflicting expectations among the stakeholders on what the museum should do or be.

In this regard, challenges arise on how to incorporate all these varied views and suggestions in a mission statement. It should serve as a unifying factor and at the same time avoid the risks associating it with empty statements. The organization has to get all stakeholders, especially upper level management to live up to its principles.

Art Museum has witnessed the departure of some directors under unclear circumstance. These directors adopt their own purposes to drive their visions. However, these attempts did not go down well with the senate faculty. Art Museum exhibits conflicting expectations from various quarters. A senate member from art history faculty sees no sense in making the Art Museum a community resource center.

Instead, he wants the Art Museum to appeal to the world academic community through arts. The populist economist supports the late director in his attempts to turn the Art Museum into a community resource center. At the same time, the senate from the mathematics department wants the museum to concentrate on training art historians, on its scholarly work, and on its research.

The organizational ideal culture is that the formal organization’s values and norms are to be in line with those of different workers and groups within an organization. More often than not, the norms and values of workers are opposing formal goals of the organization. The senate faculty may also not pay attention to potential contributions of its faculties. This creates an organizational culture trouble.

The mission statement identifies and incorporates all the essential elements of contributions made by faculties. The mission statement integrates elements which acts as unifying factors and ignores those which discriminate the community against accessing the resources of Art Museum.

For instance, the mission statement covers community services, academic affairs and students while appealing to the worldwide community. Conversely, the mission statement ignores those contributions which seek to limit the potential of Art Museum such as restricting it to serve only the elites.

Occasionally, conflicting expectations are counterproductive. This is where the management most vital and difficult functions come in i.e. mending the rift between purposeful needs of the organization and the informal and varied norms of the staff (Miles & Snow, 2003, p. 23).

The Art Museum lacked cohesiveness among the faculties and directors. Only cohesive organization is strong enough to enforce its norms. Lack of cohesiveness creates an environment where an organization cannot enforce its norms captured in its mission statement.

Art Museum management can create cohesiveness among faculties by allowing members to have wide consultations and agreements, the senate should have full participation and direct creation of the group standards such as the mission statement.

Members should have a high esteem for the success of the organizational purpose. Above all, the faculties should experience success in goal achievement and protection of the museum core values (Roberts, 2004, 281).

However, cohesiveness does not mean the senate faculty shall accommodate all the members’ ideas. For instance, some members of the senate reject suggestions that come from different members who express different views. There is also no guarantee that suggestions of the dominant group will be supportive of the formal organizational goals.

Management structure
The culture of an organization consists of norms, values and attitudes of the individuals who constitute an organization. Culture reveals what are essential, expected behavior and the mind-set of the individuals. Art Museum shows differing organizational cultures at play.

There are cultures of the faculty senate, the Art History Department, the Mathematics Department, liberal arts, economists, the graduate students in art history, and the undergraduate students among other cultures (Jeff & Hartman, 2002, p. 85).

It is necessary to mention that formal management structure comes after formulation of a mission statement. Management structure builds the culture of an organization by laying foundations, showing planned relationships, and providing outline boundaries in which organizational activities occur.

The management structure needs to accommodate widely varying expectations at play by different departments and beneficiaries. The management structure does not have to accommodate all the conflicting expectations of the constituents (Miner, 2005, p. 147).

There are two approaches to designing organizational structure, namely; mechanistic and organic structure approaches. Traditionally, structures describe authority relations, power delegations, communication paths, and among others. The mechanistic structure instills single line of reporting and communication, which workers follow rigidly. Workers in the same horizontal structures have no authority over each other.

Conversely, the organic structure tends to have no rigid and fixed hierarchy. Staff may work together to accomplish a task, and then turn to others. They may work in more than a single project at a time.

They may have a boss, many bosses, or none at all. In this case, the organization expects them to exercise self-leadership. The Art Museum shall adopt an organic management structure due to the independence nature of the various faculties. Below is the proposed management structure.

References
Jeff, H. & Hartman, S. (2002). Organizational Behavior. New York: The Haworth Press.

Miles, R. & Snow, C. (2003). Organizational Strategy, Structure and Process. California: Stanford University Press.

Miner, J. B. (2005). Organizational behavior I: Essential theories of motivation and leadership. New York: M.E. Sharpe.

Paul, D., Kenneth, S. & John, R. (2004). Strategic Management: Issues and Cases. Malden: MA: Blackwell Publishers.

Roberts, J. (2004). The Modern Firm: Organizational Design for Performance and Growth. New York: Oxford University Press.

Geography Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Geography of United Kingdom Essay
Located in northern Europe, United Kingdom is made up of the islands of Great Britain (consisting of England, Scotland and Wales) and North Ireland (one-sixth of island of Ireland) plus many more small islands. “The total land mass of the UK is approximated to be 254,000 square kilometers.” (Hugh and Vince) Of all the islands England is the largest island with an area of 130,400 square kilometers covering more than half of UK’s total landmass. It has numerous large cities with five of the biggest cities found there. Scotland follows Britain with total area of 78,772 square kilometers made up of numerous islands such as Hebrides and Orkney, accounts for nearly one third of the total land. Wales covers 20,758 square kilometers while North Ireland covers 14,160 square kilometers being the smallest islands. North Atlantic Ocean and the North Sea enclose UK at the center and lies northwest of France.

The UK’s physical geography varies from one region to another. “England geography has a lowland terrain; North West has mountain terrain which includes the Cambrian Mountains found in Lake District and Limestone and Pennines hills in Peak District.” (Loeber) Scotland geography is characterized by the Highland Boundary Fault and a geological rock fracture. The geological rock ranges from Helens burgh to Stone haven while the fault line separates the highland to the North and lowland of south and east. Lowland areas are the home to most population and the home to Glasgow the capital city of Scotland. Although the topography of Wales is mountainous, North Wales is more mountainous than south and low lands of central Wales. The highest mountains, Snowdon is found in Snowdian. The geography of north Ireland is mostly hilly and comprise the Mourne Mountains (the highest peak) and Lough Neah which is the largest water body in UK at 388 square kilometers. The general geography of the UK is believed to have been formed climatic change especially glacial and tectonic movement forces both combined.

United Kingdom has a varied and diverse geology. There are broad variety of landscapes in all over the UK. The Gneisses rocks are the oldest rocks in UK and are mostly found in North West Scotland with few traces of the rock in other places. The north west highland and Grampian highland in Scotland are formed by mixture of rocks believed to be remains of folded sedimentary rocks. Central England is made up of volcanic islands. Wales and Lake District are covered with large amount of volcanic lava and ash known as Borrowdale Volcanic seen inform of Helvellyn and Scafell Pike mountains. Other land features found in UK includes: Snowdon in Wales and Scafell Pike in England. Mountains in Scotland are found in the highland and include the Ben Nevis the British Isles highest point. Mountain ranges and hills include; Cheviot hill and Cairngorms in Scotland, Presils hills and Black mountains in Wales while Dartmoor, Exrnoor and Chilterns are found in England.

The longest river in UK is river Severn that flows across Wales and England with approximate length of 354 kilometers. Thames is the second main river in England. River Tay and river Bann are the longest rivers in Scotland and North Ireland respectively; river Tywi is found in Wales. Lake Loch Morar is the deepest lake in UK with a depth of 300 meters. Other lakes in UK include Lake Wastwater the deepest in England, Loch Lomond in Scotland and Lake Vyrnwy and Lough Neagh in Wales and North Ireland. Apart from natural water bodies the UK has got numerous artificial waterways.

Initially much of the UK was covered by forest but with time man has deforested much of it. UK has numerous natural resources. “It has large arable land favorable for agricultural production.” (Webber) It also has large deposits of coal, natural gas and oil reserves. Other natural resources in UK comprise of limestone, rock salt iron ore, gold and silver to mention a few.

Works Cited
Hugh Mathew and Vince Gardiner, Changing geography of United Kingdom, London: P. Taylor & Frances. Inc, 1999.

Loeber, Rolf. The geography and Practice of English Colonization in Ireland from 1534-1609. Athlone: Group for the Study of Irish Historic Settlement, 1991.

Media Studies Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

Structuralism and Post-Structuralism in Media Case Study
Various case studies show the theories of media and communication at play. According to structuralism, the meaning of a language is simple, and once individuals understand the importance, it gets easy to know what different symbols mean (Deleuze et al., 2009). A critical case study on this case is the leadership structure in the government systems. In all authority settings, there are hierarchies involved, from the individual with the most power to the one on the lower end. The simple meaning in such settings shows that the head of state is the president, followed down to the ordinary citizen. Despite changing the individuals on all hierarchies who are the symbols, the meaning and positions remain intact. Through this case study, individuals understand that structuralism indicates simple messages without hidden meanings or agendas.

On the other hand, post-structuralism implies that individuals cannot attach language to a specific or fixed meaning. According to post-structuralism, it is essential to focus on how the audience interprets and understands the message (Deleuze et al., 2009). A vital case study is the filming of the movie, The Bachelor. The reality show presented on television purports to show people’s ordinary lives in a ‘real’ way yet are artificially chosen and produced by the management. This show often shows the relationships between men and women and the man’s journey in finding a mate. The show stipulates the processes of the man when trying to select a mate from a variety of women presented. With such a show, the ideas of the position of men and women get presented in varying ways. In this case, the ‘truth’ accepted by the audience does not correspond to the realities of nature. The ideals presented are, however, what the media promoters intend to express.

Structuralism and Post-structuralism shed light on the media’s effects on people. Through structural theory, it is easy to note that direct effects on the messages passed since the audience interprets them as passed across (Deleuze et al., 2009). Through the structural approach, the media owners influence their audience by creating advertisements that would be likable. Such steps make it easy to create impressions in them and affect their judgment. Additionally, through passing clear and direct messages, media personalities promote various brands, increasing their demands.

An example of the structural theory at play is the use of famous stars during the promotion of various products. For instance, using a celebrity to promote a music genre like pop songs affects the audience. Since the audience naturally admires the star, they listen to the songs and eventually become a pop culture. Such instances make it easy to spread and increase the use or consumption of a given product like music. Since the media controllers understand the simplicity of the messages passed across, using well-known and loved celebrities is crucial when deciding how to control the audience.

Post-structuralism helps individuals and those in media and communication understand that language often contains deeper meanings (Deleuze et al., 2009). This theory helps in the understanding that the message passed across may not get translated as intended. By understanding how different individuals react to a particular symbol or sign, the media may give the correct information. Post-structural theory shows that various languages retain dominance and power among those in the ruling class (Deleuze et al., 2009). Since media owners are part of the ruling class, they hold power to distort information produced, thereby maintaining their wealth. The opinions portrayed in the media primarily rely on those in power promoting biasness. Through the deep meanings encoded in the messages passed across, the media has the power of retaining dominance and spreading specific ideologies.

An example of post-structuralism theory is the spread of the patriarchal culture in society. Since most men are in the ruling class, the ideologies of men get promoted and accepted as societal standards. This step affects the rights of women and keeps them from exercising their rights. Those who strive to criticize the ideologies spread often get bashed out as bitter feminists and extremists thereby, ignoring their plights. Such instances cause the women to remain silent on their issues, and thus the status of the society stays maintained. The conditioning of such cultures is always subject to biases, thereby affecting those who promote such beliefs.

Learning these theories is essential to communication scholars and individuals in a variety of ways. Through the knowledge, individuals get to understand how communication and media operate. Understanding the ways individuals interpret information and symbols helps those in the press know ways of controlling the messages passed across. This knowledge is positive since the media owners may decide what positively affects society. However, by understanding the effect of the ruling class on the messages passed across, people learn how to decode information and get bold at criticizing what may seem manipulative. Learning these theories also helps people understand the origins of society’s systems and ideologies and could therefore find better ways of creating better ones. Consequently, most people must learn and understand the theories and effects of the media on society.

Reference
Deleuze, G., Guattari, F., Foucault, M., & Seem, M. (2009). Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. Penguin Classics.

Government Studies Case Study

by admin | Mar 21, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Role of Government in Public Budgeting and Finance Case Study
Introduction
Public budgeting and finance are concepts that are common when explaining the role and responsibility of the government in managing public finance. In this case study, the researcher will critically review the budgetary policies and processes used in the United Arab Emirates. According to Stouffer, the government of the United Arab Emirates is heavily in the economy of the country not only as a regulator but also as a player in the business sector (45). The government controls some of the leading corporate entities. The case study primarily focuses on the role of government in budgeting and finance as a planner of public resources. The study will look at the significance of the government as a leading participant in promoting the economy’s growth through its various investments into a number of industries.

The United Arab Emirates is one of the leading economies in the MENA region, considered the second largest after Saudi Arabia. The economy of the country is heavily dependent on the oil and gas sector, just like many other regional countries which have rich oil reserves. However, the government has been shifting focus from the oil and gas sector to the service sector. According to Stouffer, the government has been spending heavily on the country’s infrastructure as a way of sparring growth in other sectors (82). Tourism has been one of the sectors that the government has been trying to promote by heavily investing in security, social amenities, transport and communication infrastructure, and in many other areas that can promote local tourism. According to Kemp, in its budgetary policies and processes, the government has been making deliberate efforts to ensure that public resources are spent proactively to spur growth in other sectors of the economies other than the oil and gas sector (89). The impact of the government efforts has been evidenced in terms of economic growth. The city of Dubai is currently one of the top global tourist destinations in the world, thanks to the effort that the government has made in investing in this sector.

Linkage of the case to Budgetary Policies and Processes
The deliberate effort of the government to increase its investment in the tourism sector as shown in the above case can be closely linked to the topic of budgetary policies and processes. Public budgeting is defined differently in different fields. The definition is given by the political class is different from the way it is defined by the economists. In this context, the study will use the definition given by economists. Robinson defines public budgeting as “a matter of allocating resources in terms of opportunity cost where allocating resources to one consumer takes resources away from another consumer, ” (92). It means that the government has to be very keen to ensure that the allocation of resources is done in the best way possible.

The chosen option should be preferable to the foregone option. In this case, it has been demonstrated that the government of the United Arab Emirates is currently involved in investment in the tourism sector. It means that further investment into the petroleum sector is a foregone cost. It must be demonstrated that the foregone investment into the petroleum sector is justifiable. It means that the investment in the tourism sector is able to generate enough income for this firm to exceed what would have been obtained from the petroleum sector if the resources would have been used there. It is, therefore, very clear that this case is closely linked with the budgetary policies and processes.

Main Body of the Project
Budgetary policies and processes are some of the most important roles of the government as a planner of public resources. It is important to start by clearly defining these two concepts. Robinson defines budgetary policy as “government attempts to run a budget in equilibrium or in surplus,” (44). The primary reason for developing a budget is to ensure that public expenses are in line with the revenues to reduce or possibly avoid public debt. The estimates are given in line with what the government expects to collect within a given period. Budgetary policies seek to avoid budget deficit as much as possible unless it is assured that there will be alternative sources of finance to fund the deficit. Wildavsky and Swedlow define the budgetary process as a “process by which governments create and approve a budget,” (67). The creation and approval of a budget is a very complex process that requires the involvement of a number of experts. Financial, economic, legal, and political experts must come together in this process. They have to start by reviewing what the government has to spend within a given financial year, the primary needs that cannot be ignored by the government within that period, and conduct a delicate balance between the limited resources and the unlimited needs. These experts must balance development needs for the country with the need to meet recurrent expenditure. According to Hinka, an economy that is overburdened by recurrent expenditure cannot grow effectively (84).

In the case provided, it has been explained that the government of the United Arab Emirates has been shifting its focus from the oil and gas sector to the service sector. Emirates such as Dubai have completely become service-based economies, promoting tourism and business. This shift has been made possible through serious investment into the transport and communication sectors. In the transport sector, the government has made heavy investments in rail and road transport. Rail transport in Dubai is one of the best railway networks in the region, comparable to those in the developed economies in Europe. The government has not only invested in the roads, but also in purchasing public service vehicles. This choice to invest in the transport sector has had a positive ripple effect on other sectors of the economy, proof that the government made the right decision to invest in this sector.

According to Wildavsky and Swedlow, improved means of transport are one of the reasons why tourists prefer going to Dubai when on vacation (95). They can visit various social amenity centers within a short time because traffic jams even during peak hours have been eliminated. The business community has also benefitted a lot from the improved transport network within this city. According to Robinson, Dubai is currently one of the top business hubs used by various top multinational corporations as a center from where their products are distributed to the international community (58). Chinese exports have been using this city as a hub from where their products are sold to the international markets. It means that the government is achieving its objective of trying to shift its economy from that which relies on the oil and gas sector to that which relies on the service sector. The budget planning is based on a three-year cycle.

Kemp says that this cycle was developed to ensure that the government can have a strategic plan to focus on the development path that it wishes to take (43). There is a yearly financial budget that helps in reviewing the progress being made within the three-year period. According to Baker and English, one of the cardinal rules that have to be followed in public budgeting is to ensure that the primary needs of the public are met (76). The government of the UAE is headed by the political class. The political class knows that the real power lies with the public. They know that the only way of remaining in power is to ensure that the needs of the public are met so that issues such as revolution are not witnessed. Sometimes the interest of the political class may not be effectively focused on meeting developmental projects. For instance, the minimum wage is always one of the emotive political issues.

The political class knows that increasing the public wage bills may affect the government’s capacity to meet its developmental agenda. However, there is always the fear that containing the wage bill through strategies such as early retirements, sustainable salaries, and such other related strategies may cause public dissatisfaction. In the United Arab Emirates, this is one of the areas that the government has been keen to manage as it seeks to spur economic development. For instance, the Dubai government has always maintained a manageable wage bill by empowering the private sector to be the leading investors in various sectors. As such, instead of focusing on managing the wage bill, the government has time to focus on development issues in the economy.

Conclusion
Public budgeting and public finance are very critical issues of governance that determine the economic growth of a given country. As shown in the discussion above, government planners must be conscious of one of the cardinal rules of economics that unlimited needs must always be balanced to ensure that they can be met using limited resources. Budgeting policy is to always have a budget surplus as a way of avoiding debts. Debts always limit the growth of the economy. As such, when drawing a budget to meet the numerous needs, this should happen within the set limits. Expenses that are not urgent can be pushed to later days so that more urgent public needs can be met. From the case, it is evident that the government of the United Arab Emirates has been keen on balancing between recurrent expenditures, which are often classified as urgent expenses, and developmental expenditures.

Its involvement in the investment sector has earned its income that is spent on developmental projects. The country’s transport and communication infrastructure are one of the most developed in the region. These developments have made it easy to do business in cities such as Dubai. The government gets to benefit from such developments in various ways. First, its businesses become more efficiently run because the movement of people and goods is made simple. Secondly, the improved infrastructure has attracted more foreign direct investment into the country, meaning the country is able to earn more income through tax.

Works Cited
Baker, Harold, and Philip English. Capital Budgeting Valuation: Financial Analysis for Today’s Investment Projects. Hoboken: Wiley, 2011. Print.

Hinka, Roman. Budgeting: Approaches and Shortcomings. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2007. Print.

Kemp, Sid. Budgeting for Managers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2003. Print.

Robinson, Nelson. Windy: Government Expenditure. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Co, 2015. Print.

Stouffer, Tere. The Only Budgeting Book You’ll Ever Need. Avon, Mass: Adams Media, 2012. Print.

Wildavsky, Aaron, and Brendon Swedlow. Budgeting and Governing. New Brunswick Transaction Publ, 2001. Print.