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Law Essay

by | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

Law and Social Order in the United Kingdom Essay

Introduction
Nowadays, it is hard to imagine a country without laws. In today’s world, every nation has a system of laws in place, which govern the actions of individuals that live within its borders. Man-made laws have a long history, and they evolved alongside the development of societies. Some of the laws that were introduced in previous centuries have been abolished; new laws, however, are developed continuously to govern society effectively.

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Many argue that in the absence of laws, the civilization would return to its ancient form, where physical strength could grant power, and only the fittest individuals could survive. The present essay will seek to explore the concept of law in the United Kingdom, providing examples of various types of laws and explaining their impact on society. Based on that information, the paper will also attempt to evaluate the claim that the abolition of man-made law would have a profound effect on society, causing people to use violence to gain power.

What Is Law?
According to the Oxford Dictionary, the law is “The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties” (Law 2018, para. 1). Thus, there are several essential characteristics of the law. First of all, the law is systematic and comprehensive, and laws should not contradict one another. Secondly, the law provides means for corrective actions, such as fines, imprisonment, or even capital punishment. Lastly, the penalties established by the law must be effective in regulating the actions of the public, or at least its vast majority.

Although this characteristic is not included in the definition, it is important that laws are regularly revised and updated to reflect the changes in society. For example, cybercrime is a relatively new phenomenon; in response to this new type of crime, most countries adopted laws establishing punishment for cyberattacks, thus responding to the changes in the legal environment.

Origins of Law in the UK
Until the 12th century, most of the European countries, including England, were governed by customary law. This type of law originated from customs that were prevalent in the society of the time. For instance, customary law established the regulations regarding the inheritance of the throne in order to maintain a structure of power. Customary law was unofficial, and the execution of law largely relied on the individual decisions made by the monarch and their local representatives (Hudson 2011).

One particular document that influenced the development of the common law in the UK was the Magna Carta, which was issued by King John in 1214 and served to establish the governance of law over every person in the country, including the king (Breay & Harrison 2014). This document was important as it moved society and the government a step closer towards establishing a unified system of laws.

In addition, the Church had a significant impact on the law and dictated certain legal decisions in the country (Hudson 2011). The development of the common law in the UK is widely attributed to King Henry II, who proposed reforms reducing the control of the Church and creating a systematic foundation for some of the legal decisions, including laws regarding the inheritance of property (Hudson 2011). Further development of the law in the UK was based on previous court decisions and the unwritten constitution of the country. Today, the UK legal system relies on the Parliament for creating new laws, as well as on the past court decisions.

Criminal and Civil Law
The two types of law in the UK are criminal law and civil law. Criminal law targets behaviors that are considered to be an offense against society and the public. An example of such law is Section 4 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1961, which states that “whosoever shall solicit, encourage, persuade, or endeavor to persuade, or shall propose to any person, to murder any other person, whether he be a subject of Her Majesty or not, and whether he be within the Queen’s dominions or not, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and being convicted thereof shall be liable to imprisonment for life” (Homicide n.d., para. 4).

This law establishes a conspiracy to murder to be a major felony and proposes punishment in the form of life imprisonment. It is also important that this law applies to potential victims whether they are a citizen of the UK or not. Criminal law protects people, including me, from serious threats to our life, health, and property. For example, criminal law has provisions regarding theft, which helps to protect our belongings and property.

Civil law, on the other hand, regulates behaviors that cause damage to individuals or private entities. For instance, the Defamation Act of 2013 established that publishing statements that lead to serious harm to the reputation of a person or serious financial losses for a corporate entity is an act of defamation and established legal procedures for such cases (Defamation Act 2013). Therefore, if the offender publishes a statement that does not cause damage to the claimant’s reputation, the act is not considered to be defamation and is viewed under a different section of the common law. Civil law protects against threats that could cause damage to property and reputation.

The Queen’s Peace
The Queen’s Peace is an important part of the British legislation that establishes special protection of certain individuals or locations, which is secured by the ruling monarch. The Queen’s Peace also allows law enforcement to take actions necessary for protecting the law. Therefore, the Queen’s Peace is an essential law as it helps to protect people who are involved in governing the country and thus helps to promote peace and stability of power within the country. For instance, in case of a planned attack on the royal family, the Queen’s Peace would assist in stabilizing the situation, thus preventing any further damage to the government.

Abolition of Man-Made Laws
Although it is hard to imagine the government abolishing all laws, thinking about what society would look like if there were no laws could help to understand the importance of laws in society. On the one hand, the abolition of laws would allow people to engage in dangerous activities and behaviors without the risk of punishment. As shown by Friehe and Miceli (2017), the severity and certainty of punishment have a strong effect on crime rates. Therefore, in this example, the abolition of laws would lead to higher rates of crime, thus endangering the country’s population. This possibility also supports the claim that the abolition of man-made laws will return society to its primary form, where communities were largely influenced by violence, thus ensuring the survival of the fittest.

On the other hand, the history of law shows that systematic, man-made laws are not the only legal forces that could protect society. Customary law and church law, although not included in the country’s constitution, could still impact people’s judgment and actions. As the abolition of laws would most likely result in a social crisis, it is likely that many people will turn to religion for guidance, thus establishing church law as the primary governing force.

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In addition, some customary, unwritten laws will also remain in people’s minds, thus influencing their actions. An example of such an occurrence can be seen in the recent attempt to abolish “an antiquated legal rule based on a principle of gender discrimination in property and inheritance rights” (Blackham 2015, para. 1). After the Parliament abolished a rule that assumed that men and not women intend to provide property for the family, the rule continued to be used in courts and legal practice (Blackham 2015).

This example shows that certain rules are wired into people’s minds and are supported by social customs, structures, and belief systems rather than written laws. Therefore, it is likely that the abolition of man-made laws will cause a short-term increase in crime, which will fade as people find new sources of guidance, such as religious or customary laws.

Conclusion
Overall, British law has a complex history, and its development was largely influenced by monarchs’ attempts to secure their power. In its contemporary form, British law is rather effective in controlling crime rates and protecting the country’s population against damage to life, health, reputation, and property. Considering the possibility of the abolition of man-made laws can improve our understanding of their true impact on society. However, the present paper argued that, despite the possible increase in crime following the abolition of laws, society would probably find other rules and regulations to rely on for protection.

Reference List
Blackham, 2015, ‘Refusal to abolish ‘archaic’ rule means gender discrimination is still the law in the UK,‘ University of Cambridge Research News. Web.

Bray, C & Harrison, J 2014, Magna Carta: an introduction. Web.

Defamation Act 2013. Web.

Friehe, T & Miceli, TJ 2017, ‘On punishment severity and crime rates,’ American Law and Economics Review, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 464-85.

Homicide n.d. Web.

Hudson, J 2011, Common law – Henry II and the birth of a state. Web.

Law 2018. Web.

Law Essay

by | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

Key Ethical Tensions Arising from Human Trafficking
One of the greatest ethical tensions which may emerge from human trafficking is discrimination. Discrimination can be found in all sorts of businesses regardless of their sizes, production capacity, and the like. To lure the trafficked personnel, the trafficker may use force promises of well-paying jobs, manipulation, violence, and romantic relationships (Aasw, 2021). On the issue of human trafficking, discrimination pertains to any action that causes a companys employee to obtain unequal treatment (Nuseir & Ghandour, 2019). In the business sector, therefore, discrimination leads to the workload of the trafficked employee to make a huge lot of work to be done at the right time required.

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Despite discrimination being unethical, it is also illegal in most cases. Hence the statutes to protect the workforce from discrimination based on religion, age, gender, disability, race, and more should be embraced and put into action to protect individuals against discrimination occurrence. More so, gender and race pay gaps show that discrimination is still rampant in Australia and, if not looked at, may end up in serious human trafficking. Discrimination can occur at different levels in the employment relationship in Australia. According to (Michailidou, 2020), the ethical tension of discrimination can even occur when recruiting and selecting staff members in terms of offered benefits and conditions as part of the employment. Other conditions may include; who is considered or selected for training to be offered, promotion or transfer, retrenchment, or even during dismissal. On the issue of the benefits offered after performing a task in an organization, the discriminated employee may receive a lower percentage despite the hard work. This action indicates human trafficking at the workplace since the management may benefit from the actions of the discriminated workers, who, in turn, receive less pay.

On another view, when considering whom to select for training purposes, discrimination will arise if proper consideration is not taken care of. This means that discrimination will occur when the institution management does not consider proper checking of the training requirements from various workers of the organization hence training the wrong personnel. Training the wrong person indicates that the worker who needed the training will remain untrained. More skilled workers often receive more pay than their fellows, meaning that there will be human trafficking as a result of discrimination due to training the wrong person.

Another ethical tension that may arise as a result of human trafficking is harassment. This issue might be a serious problem as it can adversely interfere with an individuals health. This issue can be associated with self-determination. Since self-determination is one of the human rights of the persons ability to make choices, violating this right leads to harassment hence human trafficking. This situation occurs when individuals are forced to perform duties they are not willing to, and someone benefits from those duties. According to (Young, 2019), Australian indigenous people are claiming self-determination. Individuals should not be forced or harassed to make choices and should be left to make them freely.

The last ethical tension that may arise concerning human trafficking is stress. This tension may arise as a result of harassment, discrimination, and not being allowed to make their own choices. The trauma experienced by trafficked victims is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder (Unodc.org, 2021). These disorders include feelings of severe guilt, depression, anxiety, and the like. For instance, anxiety being an unlikable state of mental discomfort, nervousness, apprehension, and obsession, may emerge as a result of stress. Stress being the major facilitator, is brought about by force and coercive activities by the trafficker to the trafficked person.

Guilt, on the other hand, occurs as a result of performing an awful activity. This one is especially associated with sex human trafficking, where guilt affects the trafficked person later on. This action, for example, could be due to forced sex for one to obtain a position in the workplace or even to get a promotion. The trafficker benefits from the trafficking while the other party being, the trafficked individual, is affected with guilt after the action wondering what kind of action he/she has just done. This state then leads to serious mental uneasiness resulting in stress. All these ethical tensions can be coped with when the Australian government puts into action the laws on human trafficking.

Human trafficking is my field of practice being analyzed in this critical writing in line with Assessment Task 2a criteria. In business, for example, human trafficking has been and remains to be an unpleasant situation. This is especially to the lower subordinates who are the trafficked personnel by the human trafficking victims who are their bosses or the senior managers. The majority of the senior executive who lacks good self-discipline fails to conduct themselves appropriately in their service delivery to their fellow junior subordinates. This action then leads them to forcefully and coercively make the juniors work with fear and unwillingly work to please and benefit these executives.

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Specific issue (or “gap”) Emerging from Human Trafficking
The biggest specific issue (or “gap”) resulting from human trafficking in service delivery is vulnerability. This, for example, includes the need for promotion and higher positions in the case of organizations and institutions. Women remain to be the most vulnerable persons to human trafficking (Paasche et al., 2018). But on another view, men also are in a position to be victims of being lured to human trafficking by the senior ladies as their bosses. Human trafficking, therefore, has caused extreme hardship to the suspected majority of people in Australia. This action has hence led to influence on the financial, economic, and social systems where it exists.

The gap arising or the emerging issue as a result of trafficking in the service delivery of the organizational employees is influenced by false promises from the senior personnel such as pay increases, promotions, etc. When the victim hears this, they get possessed or are crazed by such influences, making them easy-to-access by the trafficking victims. They, therefore, offer their bodies for illegal sexual activities to satisfy the trafficking victims, whereas, in the real sense, the actual act is trafficking and not the real action that seems to be. The final product results to be guilt and stress among the trafficked individuals after realizing the fraud used to lure them. Persistence in human trafficking will increase guilt and stress among the victims and may even result in other serious issues like committing suicide due to mental uneasiness.

Despite the examples given in this context regarding human trafficking in organizations, trafficking also is found in many other fields. For instance, (Burn, 2017) claims that over the last two years, more men and women have been identified trafficked into other forms of exploitation. These forms include; construction work, domestic work, family structures, hospitality industry, and the exceeded report have been identified women in situations of sexual exploitation. In addition, the Australian Federal Police received 619 referrals about human-slavery offenses and human trafficking between 2004 to December 2015. All these incidences are a result of vulnerability which has more wait on the side of women than that of men.

Women have been sexually violated as they are more vulnerable than men. This is as well as in the case of men who seem to look bold but are also affected by this issue of vulnerability. On another consideration, immigrating persons have faced the problem of violation due to their vulnerability. In this case, migrating people have faced various challenges and violations, according to a recent research report done in Australia. This problem was found in the construction industry, where the trafficked victims received treatment against their expectations.

The risk for migrant workers in Australia, therefore, remains to be an adverse problem. According to the research, (Campbell et al., 2019) claims that the threats facing the temporary migrant workforce in the construction industry in Australia are composed of some factors. These factors include a composition of the immanent vulnerabilities of being a temporary migrant worker and the attributes of the firm in which they migrate to work. Whether legitimately in a job or not, these impermanent refugee workforces in the construction factory may be open to labor mistreatment. This problem could be a result of interaction factors between the immigrants and the other companys stakeholders.

These factors include; a limited understanding of Australian legislation and rights in the workplace, lack of access to government support and union, cultural barriers, language barriers, and social isolation. Another issue discovered was the visa arrangement of the migrating people, which was identified as the major risk factor (Campbell et al., 2019). Considerable squabble around the manipulation of the wandering workers concentrated on the subclass 457 permit. More so, undetermined situations of some shareholders connected to this endorsement left migratory laborers with limited selections to compete with underprivileged working environments. These complications were a product of the weakness of the settlers.

Thoughtfully, learners and production workers on subclass 417 travel permits were at the same risk of employment misuse, mainly if semi-skilled. In addition, much of the labor exploitation, as noted by the stakeholders, concerned poor working conditions, for example, wage underpayment. Migrated students who remunerated payments to scholarships in Australia were readdressed to effort in factories such as the building industry in bleach of their past circumstances and for a little wage. Unceremonious economy and occupation practices were acknowledged as the key industry characteristic that stimulated threat.

In service delivery, vulnerable individuals seem to be neglected in some way. The construction company executive failed to care about the human rights of the temporary migrant workers. They subjected these workers to little pay, and their working conditions were not considered. More so, students were neglected in that other than the actual practice of learning. They paid to study in Australia. They were redirected to work in the construction industry. These actions were after bleaching their visa condition by the construction industry, and they were subjected to low pay. These gaps or issues of vulnerability should therefore be addressed, and a solution found. This thought is to smoothen the working conditions of the immigrants, be it the temporary construction workers or the students who migrate to study in Australia. Smooth working conditions for these people will facilitate peace of mind. In return, the victims will be able to coup up with stress issues hence a betterment to their lives in the course of their stay in Australia.

Learning Outcomes during Preparation of Group and Working with Peers
Upon thorough and careful consideration of human trafficking, trafficking is not only an awful practice but also an unpleasant action for trafficked persons. Since the practice is against the will of the trafficked victim, the trafficker subjects them to serious physical, mental, and social suffering. This lowers the self-esteem of the affected individuals nearly to zero, as it is not their will to be trafficked. These actions then lead to stress and guilt and may end up resulting in an even more serious problem of depression. Depression, on the other hand, may stimulate more serious problems. Suicide committing may be one of the major outcomes of depression which will be caused by the denial of an individual victim after performing human trafficking activities. A good example of human trafficking may lead to such as sexual trafficking among the violated victims. To avoid such incidences, the relevant personnel, including the employers and the executive, should ensure that the rights of their workers are not violated in any way. Individuals found violating workforce human rights should be dealt with appropriately.

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Working together as peers found that you and I must fight back against any sort of violation of human rights. In any country, there exist laws regarding the violation of human rights. It is the duty and responsibility of every individual to ensure that their rights are not violated, be it citizens or immigrants from other countries. On the other hand, every employer and the senior management of all sectors must ensure human rights are not violated in any way in service delivery in their institutions (Niezen, 2020). In addition, clear rules regarding human rights protection among the workforce should be formulated by the board management of every organization or corporation in Australia. This activity will minimize the chances of riots of the workers fighting back against their rights in case they are violated. In return, a peaceful working environment will be enhanced between the workforce and the management. This will mean better relations between the subordinates and the organizational executives. In an actual sense, from an organizational view, better relations enhance cooperation which in return will yield more production, hence more organizational income.

The limitation emerging from human trafficking as a field of practice is illiteracy among the victims of human trafficking. The trafficked persons may lack the knowledge to know about their rights in such situations hence ending up being neglected in the workplace. Despite the existence of laws regarding human rights in the place of work, illiterate workers will never be aware of their existence. They will end up being violated, sexually harassed, given workloads, and the like. Despite all these violations, they will end up receiving little income despite the production increase in their workplace. Various relevant executives, therefore, will be needed to disclose to their workforce their rights so that they can master them off head despite their illiteracy level. This means that in case of any intention to violate their rights in the future, the workforce will have to notice due to their mastering of the laws. In addition, various company executives must treat their fellow subordinates equally without discriminating against them. Factors of gender, race, ethnicity, color, origin, and tribe should not be a consideration when it comes to working with the workers.

In the course of criminal proceedings, secondary victimization is a critical risk for trafficking victims who take part in these proceedings (Rijken et al., 2021). Being a challenge, the psychological outcomes of trafficking and the preexisting vulnerabilities of the victims of trafficking make them prone to secondary victimization. Therefore, human trafficking victim lacks control of their own and end up being tricked and trafficked easily without them fighting back. They end up losing their self-esteem as nobody is there to fight for their rights. In the workplace, for example, senior management, therefore, needs to be of utmost good faith in their service delivery to their subordinates, such as during pay. Payment should therefore be based on the work done by every individual. Therefore, no worker should be forcefully subjected to work against his will. Overtime payment should reflect the number of hours of work done during overtime. All these will then lead to motivation among the workforce hence more production, which means more organizational income.

These challenges are found in both victim parties involved in trafficking, that is, to the side of the trafficker and the side of the trafficked person. To the trafficker, for instance, these challenges include; the absence of safety and trust, the absence of empathy and knowledge concerning victims’ rights, lack of identification, and disrespectful treatment, among others (Rijken et al., 2021). Conclusively, human trafficking is not a pleasing activity at all, as it leads to human suffering. The Australian government, therefore, needs to put into action all the laws available to cater to human rights in regard to human trafficking. By doing this, Australia will remain to be a no-human trafficking zone.

References
Aasw.asn.au. (2021). Code of Ethics – AASW – Australian Association of Social Workers. Aasw.asn.au.

Burn, J. (2017). Legal narratives, human trafficking, and slavery in Australia. History Compass, 15(5), e12368.

Campbell, I., Tranfaglia, M., Tham, J., & Boese, M. (2019). Precarious work and the reluctance to complain: Italian temporary migrant workers in Australia. Labor & Industry: A Journal of the Social and Economic Relations of Work, 29(1), 98-117.

Michailidou, E. (2020). Work Harassment: Psychological bullying in the workplace of CU. Open Access Journal of Clinical Surgery, 1(2). Web.

Niezen, R. (2020). #Human Rights, Chapter 2: Human rights 3.0. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Nuseir, M., & Ghandour, A. (2019). Ethical issues in modern business management. International Journal of Procurement Management, 12(5), 592.

Paasche, E., Skilbrei, M., & Plambech, S. (2018). Vulnerable here or there? Examining the vulnerability of victims of human trafficking before and after the return. Anti-Trafficking Review, 10.

Rijken, C., Khadraoui, L., & Tankink, M. (2021). (Preventing) secondary victimization of trafficking victims through law enforcement interventions. Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement And Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, 2(1), 3-25.

Unodc.org. (2021). Unodc.org. Web.

Young, S. (2019). The Self Divided: The problems of contradictory claims to indigenous peoples’ self-determination in Australia. SSRN Electronic Journal, 30.

English Essay

by | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

In A Streetcar Named Desire, Tennesse Williams uses confrontation as a mechanism to highlight the domination of men in the patriarchal post-war landscape of New Orleans. During this period, America was seen as an oppressive society where women were expected to be subjugated to being submissive partners. If they stepped out of line, men would use confrontational methods to remind them of their status such as physical violence. A Streetcar named Desire explores the violent, abusive nature of New Orleans through Stanley’s relationships with women as well as Mitch’s reaction to Blanche’s illicit past.

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At the beginning of Scene 3, Williams uses a semantic field vivid colours to highlight the masculine atmosphere of the Poker Night and to foreshadow the unsuccesfulness of Stella’s attempt confronting men. As part of their costumes, the characters Stanley, Steve, Mitch and Pablo are wearing “solid blues”, “purple”, “red-and-white-check” and “light-green”. These colours have connotations of being bold, powerful and authoritative. Williams wants his audience members to realise that these men should be seen as parallels to the colours of their costume and to prepare them for the successful physical abuse of Stella. Later on, Stella confronts Stanley by shouting to him “Drunk – drunk – animal thing, you!” Here, the use of fragmented dashes and exclamatives positions Stella’s actress to speak with a furious tone of voice. This is because Williams wants the audience to understand how Stella is entrapped in an unequal systems and she needs to attempt authority in order to control “the gaudy seed bearer”. Stanley responds to her angry confrontation with his own physical one as “there is the sound of a blow”. Through the use of sonics, Williams wants to communicate to the audience that, at this moment in time, violent confrontation is successful in subjugating women into their steryotypical role. Contexually, a 1940s-1950s audience would understand the nature of this scene and would be able to relate to both Stanley and Stella. This is because the women of New Orleans were forced into a position of being mild and meek housewives whilst the men dominated due to the view that males should be in charge of their families.

Later on, in Scene 9, confrontation is seen as a tool which allows women to be shamed for going against stereotypical behaviour. Mitch humiliates Blanche by destroying her presentation of purity and her desire of living in a fantasy world. His confrontation can also be seen as somewhat physical since he “tears the paper lantern” and “turns the light on” after she openly admits to lying about her behaviours. Williams’ use of physical actions aims to highlight to the audience that once again confrontation is destructive to the lives of women and relegates them to being forced to conform to gender steryotypes. Later on, Williams constructs symbolism to highlight the lethal consequences of Mitch’s confrontation with Blanche. A Mexican woman is selling “Flora para los muertos” as well as the continuation of the “polka” music. A motif of death is reinforced and recycled which aims to foreshadow that Blanche’s social death is approaching fast. Williams wants the audience to see that Blanche’s inability to conform to culturally cultivated gender norms has led to physical confrontation which has ruined her last chance at stability thus meaning she must be banished from society. Once again, Williams’ intended audience should have been able to understand why Mitch feels the need to confront Blanche in this manner. Women, like Blanche, were subjected to double standards in terms of sexuality. They were expected to be “clean” rather than performing dirty, inappropriate and obscene acts of sex. Females who behaved like this did not have a place within this society.

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The climatic scene 10 should be considered as the most confrontational scene within the play. This is due to the fact that Blanche is sexually assaulted by Stanley, marking his pentulament victory over her. The mood and atmosphere on the stage is heated and tense due to the fact that there are “lurid reflections” on the wall and Stanley is wearing “brilliant silk pyjamas” which is a juxtaposition to Blanche’s “soiled” and “crumpled” evening gown. Once again, Williams’ use of expressionist, plastic theatre hints to the audience that Blanche is about to get her come uppance due to her energetic, masculine approach towards sex. He wants the audience to know that, at this point in the play, confrontation is fatal, dangerous and is powerful enough to destroy Blanche’s sanity. The stage directions enforces the idea that Blanche is now helpless in this sexual confronation since she “moans” and “sinks” leaving her “inert”. The use of vocal and physical actions aims to show that Stanley and his sexual confronation have been victorious. This is signalled by the use of music as the upbeat instruments the “trumpet” and “drums” are played onstage. By the end of Scene 10, Williams’ intentions were that the audience should realise that confrontation, especially violent and sexual confrontation, is the driving force towards Blanche’s downfall. It has ruined her sanity and any chance of stability she once had. In the past, the audience understood this well and naturally expressed their pleasure at this. Many members cheered as Stanley raped Blanche at several productions. They believed that Blanche’s harmatia (her masculine behaviour) should lead to her tragic downfall due to their patriachal attitudes towards women at the time.

Overall, Williams’ use of confrontation allows audiences to see that it was socially unacceptable for women to break out of their stereotype as passive, loyal, obedient housewives. If they did, they would be disciplined by men who would always obtain a victory over them. Women should not challenged hegemonic masculinity and should not obtain to confront men. This would lead them to become victims like Blanche and Stella became.

Law Essay

by | Mar 20, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Choice between Treatment and Punishment in the Juvenile Justice System Adolescence Crime Juvenile Delinquency “When considering social justice and juvenile justice, treatment as well as penalty stand at either end of the continuum. The juvenile justice system has actually oscillated in between these two principles over the years”(Listwan). When the juvenile justice system was first executed, it focused on trial and also penalty parallel to the grown-up system. With time, even more scientific research study has actually shown the striking distinction in between a teen and adult mind. This, combined with a much more restorative, counseling-centered culture has led to increasingly more concentrate on treatment as well as alternate approaches to pure penalty. Consequently, believe that while penalty is required, treatment is a more effective way to take care of juveniles that still have a lengthy life in front of them. There is a difference in between treatment and also penalty, comparative statistic, prevailing methods, as well as concepts of adolescent misbehavior.

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In the 1900s, a separate system for handling adolescent cases came into being. “New ideas from that time, which are still made use of today, consist of: probation, parole, indeterminate sentencing, and also the establishment of different juvenile courts” (Listwan). “During the years of 1960-1980, the pendulum swung far from the a lot more revengeful courts as juvenile justice system started diverting juveniles into treatment programs, decriminalizing particular offenses, as well as ensuring due process for the culprits” (Listwan). In the 1980s, there was a “dramatic rise in crimes prices, the kinds of crimes juveniles devoted ended up being far more terrible, relocating from criminal damage as well as burglary to rape, murder, and attack” (Castillo). Listwan concurs that the juvenile justice system “moved to a more punishing philosophy” consisting of boot camps, afraid straight programs, incredibly max facilities, and also waivers to send juveniles to grown-up courts (Listwan). Castillo after that keeps in mind that this new research “established that although juveniles might have the ability to compare right and wrong, they are less qualified than adults to control their impulses, to utilize factor to guide their actions, and to consider the effects of their conduct” (Castillo). The courts began to take that new study in account in making a decision penalties for juveniles. Presently, the adolescent justice system it leaning toward treatment over or together with penalty. As an example, L.C. Castillo keeps in mind that the death penalty, even for the most fierce, horrendous criminal activities, is not deemed ideal for juveniles due to the fact that their “features require reduction” (Castillo). Similarly, “a life-without-parole sentence also does not serve the objectives of rehabilitation because it removes the offender’s chance to reenter society” (Castillo). Ultimately, Castillo recommended that holding cell ought to additionally be included in the checklist of punishments that are not proper for juveniles. He said that “juveniles are more vulnerable that grownups to the consequences of holding cell since their minds are not yet completely developed” (Castillo). This might lead to mental disorder, anxiousness, rage, sleeplessness, self-mutilation, ideas of suicide, as well as self-destruction. Similarly, Listwan defines a number of success treatment alternatives for juvenile culprits. One is adolescent medicine court that “relies on therapy as well as accountability-oriented court method” (Listwan). Like drug therapy, temper administration classes are one more excellent opportunity for juveniles. Teen court is one more option to conventional penalty. “Critics stress that the court can have an adverse impact on youth” (Listwan). Researches have actually shown that the teen court design has some favorable aspects. As an example, “The fast growth of teen court recommends that they are prominent in numerous jurisdictions” (Listwan). He takes place to report that in the year of 1994 there were only seventy-eight teen court models and in the year of 2013 that number had grown to fourteen hundred. Generally, these teen courts are used for first-time, non-violent wrongdoers. There are numerous sorts of teen courts: adult judge, young people judge (where teenagers are the court, prosecutor, defense attorney, and also the jury), peer jury, young people tribunal, or mixed model. Each of these has a different combination of grown-up managers and also teenagers. A third aspect of treatment remains in regard to the mental wellness of the juvenile. This treatment “will usually require to include medicine administration, support services for mental illness and household assistance” (Listwan). Eventually, for “therapy to be reliable it needs to match the offenders threats and also requirements, make use of designs that are behavior as well as cognitive, consist of regression prevention, and have a strong system of incentives and repercussions” (Listwan). Here is a check out historical juvenile crime information for medication offenses, consisting of government data in addition to data from three comparable locations: Boise, Idaho; Jackson, Mississippi; and also Providence, Rhode Island. Both government and state federal government record similar numbers like these presented above. As an example, an article from the Star Tribune notes that “Dakota County numbers reflect a similar decrease in all levels of adolescent criminal offenses. Country wide attributed in part to years of new legislation as well as funding, in addition to changing financial elements” (County). The percent changes over the ten-year duration from 2004-2013 are remarkable and demonstrate an internet of different, favorable influences. More understanding comes from Jones and Weatherburn that wrapped up, “while rises in imprisonment likely have some result on the crime price by paralyzing wrongdoers, imprisonment is a costly way to regulate criminal activity (Jones and also Weatherburn,). They advise proactively going after treatment for the reasons that underlie the criminal activities. Could this sort of reform decrease the crime price even additionally? As represented in the film Freeway, youngsters that grow-up in a terrible, drug-infested home do not find out the appropriate manner in which to share themselves or the degree of their actions carries their future. By fact, children design their moms and dads. If parents are doing deviant actions, children do not view anything incorrect with doing the exact same behaviors. Just as Vanessa saw her mom functioning the streets to get cash for the family, Vanessa impersonated a streetwalker in order to have the ability to most likely to her granny’s at the end of the motion picture. She discovered how to make a shank from her step-father in order to get away from jail. In some cases youngsters have great moms and dads, yet still go astray from social norms. Family members is important in creating a youngster’s personality. A child requires responsibilities, responsibilities, and also close family relationships along with some opportunities. Interaction in a family is really essential as well. Children see the stress in a family members despite the reason and also open interaction is vital to stop the youngsters from condemning themselves for it. Parents desire their children to speak with them concerning any kind of issues that might occur, but typically do not feel the need to allow the kids to be info concerning family scenarios that impact the kids. Children that do not have sufficient parental guidance are more likely to be event to criminal task. Solitary moms working can be demanding for the entire household, because she is in charge of all the duties, child care, self-control, and also financial success in the home. Being a parent is hard sufficient when a couple shares the duty, doing an adequate work alone is virtually impossible. The more brother or sisters a kid has the less specific attention the child will obtain from his/her parents. As a society, we invest less time with our offspring’s than a lot of any other generation in background. Divorce has actually ended up being an epidemic as well as several women are solitary mothers by choice especially in the past. Most kids do not have a daddy in the house. Virtually of as lots of kids, do not even know that their father is or never ever see them often. Women intend to have all of it, job, youngsters, as well as flexibility. The family unit appears to play one of the most vital function in stopping in addition to creating juvenile delinquency.

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“A child that has actually been sexually abused is more probable to escape than any other child” (Widom). This sexually mistreated kid escapes assuming he or she will certainly have a better life far from the abuser, “but typically, the runaway becomes a prostitute to endure” (Widom). Sexual assault, physical misuse, as well as overlook are 3 ways that a family members can aid a kid right into coming to be a juvenile delinquent. An individual is more likely to be abused by an enjoyed one or somebody understands to the person than by any other team of individuals (Thio). Poor families struggle to place food on the table and many times youngsters feel disregarded or that the circumstances of the family is their mistake. Doing without the needs makes a youngster desire things he or she does not have, which can cause theft as well as various other such deviant acts. Destitution in this excellent nation is widespread. We are the best country on this Earth as well as yet we have children that are going hungry and in need of clothes. The inexpensive food is not the healthiest of choices in many cases. Financial worries trigger many households to separate in order to get support from the federal government. Separation is often a cause for youngsters to end up being deviant. Peer stress has long been viewed as a reason for deviant actions in youngsters. Groupthink is where grownups as well as youths appear to lose their ability to act or speak in the proper manner the more individuals are in the group. The term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972 ), takes place when a team makes malfunctioning decisions since group pressures bring about a degeneration of “psychological efficiency, reality screening, and ethical judgment”(Coon & Mitter). Satisfying the group and working as an entire instead as the sum of many components is what happens to when young people succumb to peer pressure. Peer pressure is among the hardest delinquencies to avoid. Youngsters with physical as well as discovering specials needs are commonly ridiculed, which can often result in temper. Youths, that lag others of the same age academically, are prone to criminal habits. It is assumed the less smart a person is, the most likely to commit crime she or he will be. Cognitive feature is required to reasonably consider the consequences in situations and also realize what will certainly occur if you are captured doing a “poor” action. Sleep quality has actually been connected to excessive weight in a poultry and also the egg type circumstance. Some say obesity is caused by an absence of sleep quality and other state the lack of sleep quality triggers a boost in excessive weight. Weight problems can be a factor for a young adult or adolescent to give in peer pressure to “fit” in with the team as well as join delinquent tasks. Youngsters who are overweight have a higher rate of clinical depression, which can lead some to a sensation of helplessness (News to Use). Helplessness can lead to misbehavior because the child does not feel that anything she or he does is worthwhile any way. Obesity has raised rapidly and some even call it an epidemic. Head of state Obama authorized an expense into law giving the United States Department of Agriculture to set criteria for public college lunches in order to combat weight problems (Jalonick). Proof has revealed kids are much heavier currently than at any other time in the background of the United States. The graph below is a little old, however it reveals that in the year of 2002, obesity was around 16 percent in both kids and also adolescences. Contents D. Race In an article in Family Court Review, C.S. Cooper looks critically at the trajectory set by juvenile drug user and offenders. She notes that frequently drug use begins with a young adult and grows into a more and more serious problem. She concludes that “a significant number of youth and young people have fallen through the cracks of our juvenile and adult justice system in terms of receiving any meaningful services” (Cooper). She goes on to say that in spite of the data like those numbers on slide 8, there is a lack of good information on juvenile drug use. She asks, “Could an early response by the justice system break the cycle of what might otherwise become serious addictive behavior for these youth as they grow older?” (Cooper). She advocates several things to help juveniles before they enter the justice system and while they are in it: looking for red flags, screen for drug use and resiliency factors, revitalize and expand programs using the juvenile drug court model. The research shows that the state capitol blends treatment and punishment for juvenile offenders. While the teens must serve their mandatory term of probation, time in a juvenile facility, or adult facility, ach of the cities Boise, Jackson, and Providence have treatment programs, which they hold up as an essential part of their work with juveniles. For example, in 2013, Boise/Ada County had fifty-nine students enrolled in Victory Academy. Thirty-seven of those students earned a GED/HSE/diploma or successfully transition to the work force (Ada County Juvenile Court System). Similarly, Jackson, MS had programs under the umbrella of “Ending the school to prison pipeline” as well as system-wide reforms (Mississippi Juvenile Justice Advisory Committee).Finally, Providence has a the RI Training School, which provides: residential programming, structured academic programs, clinical and educational services (Juvenile Correctional Services). It seems that the therapeutic, counseling options for teens is increasing and recidivism remains a strong indicator of success or failure. Over time, however, some treatment programs have shown to decrease recidivism rates better than others programs and better than traditional punishment alone. Listwan writes, “Studies show that scared straight programs, DARE programs, and other similarly situated policies have little effect on recidivism” (Listwan). On the other hand, “teen court participants have lower recidivism rates” (Listwan). Finally, over and over the research proves that the more attention a teen gets, particularly in a treatment setting, the less risk he has of committing more crimes. One example of this is probation officers with “smaller caseloads are able to dedicate more time to supervision and services and can be an effective option at reducing recidivism rates if the services are rehabilitative in nature” (Listwan). While punishment still seems necessary, authorities see the importance of treatment and continue to test the best methods for effective treatment. There are many theories that attempt to describe why juveniles commit crimes. Biological theories include the idea that people are “born criminals” and that it is innate in their nature (Listwan). A related theory is that of personality that certain personalities are more likely to commit crimes. A third type of biological theory is the Social Bonding theory, where a lack of proper bonding leads to abnormal and criminal behavior. Next, psychological theories include Ration Choice Theory described as “those who engage in criminal behavior decide it is worth the risk of apprehension” (Listwan). A second is Absences of Control Theory, which explains irrational behavior. Finally, there are many sociological theories, including: Social Disorganization, which “focuses on community deterioration and poverty”; General Strain theory where “strain increases the likelihood of crime”; and Cultural Deviance theory. Almost all of the theories indicate that the juvenile is responding or reacting to something outside his control when he commits a crime: maybe it is his biological make-up, psychological lack or immaturity, or maybe sociological forces at work in his home or community. As these are often outside an offender’s control, treatment is a better way to help him understand, overcome, leave, interpret his circumstances and the reason he committed the crime that he did. Looking at the drug-related crimes in Boise, Jackson, and Providence leads me to the Life Skills Training as an excellent model for countering this particular crime. This strategy involves three areas of specific training and can be tailored according to the age of the offender. The areas are drug resistance training where “students are educated about drugs and taught skills for dealing with peer pressure” (Listwan). The second area is self-control skills training. In this area, youth are “taught to critically analyze situations, recognize their consequences, and develop strategies for dealing with them effectively (Listwan). Finally, general skills training are where “students are taught to develop general social skills including communication, assertiveness, and anger management” (Listwan,). These three areas of the Life Skills Training Model reflect the elements found the programs of Boise, Jackson, and Providence. I believe treatment is the concept that best supports the over-arching concept of social justice. After looking at the history of the juvenile justice system, especially some of the extreme methods, it seems that treatment is a better way to help juveniles, who have many years ahead of them, choose a different path than a life tied up in the justice and criminal system. Works Cited (2014). CountyAEs juvenile crime cases continue to fall; Numbers from 2013 reflect a downward trend seen across Minnesota and the nation. Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN). Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com. proxy-library.ashford.edu. Ada County Juvenile Court Services. “A Report Card to Our Stakeholders.” (2013). Retrieved from http://adacounty.id.gov/ Portals/0/JVCT/Doc/Report Card 2013.pdf. Cooper, C. S. (2009). SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND ADDICTION IN Behavior, 38(6), 580-591. Accessed from http://search.ebscohost.co.proxy-library.ashford.edu. US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Boise, ID.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview. US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Jackson, MS.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productvie. US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Providence RI.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview. Yero, A., Othman, J., Samah, B.A., D’Silva, J. L., &Sulaiman, A.H. (2012). RE-VISITING CONCEPT AND THEORIES OF COMMUNITY POLICING. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4), 51-55. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.7. Retrieved from: http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ashford.edu.

Coursework Samples

by | Mar 6, 2023 | Uncategorized

The Choice between Treatment and Punishment in the Juvenile Justice System

Adolescence Crime Juvenile Delinquency

“When considering social justice and juvenile justice, treatment as well as penalty stand at either end of the continuum. The juvenile justice system has actually oscillated in between these two principles over the years”(Listwan). When the juvenile justice system was first executed, it focused on trial and also penalty parallel to the grown-up system. With time, even more scientific research study has actually shown the striking distinction in between a teen and adult mind. This, combined with a much more restorative, counseling-centered culture has led to increasingly more concentrate on treatment as well as alternate approaches to pure penalty. Consequently, believe that while penalty is required, treatment is a more effective way to take care of juveniles that still have a lengthy life in front of them. There is a difference in between treatment and also penalty, comparative statistic, prevailing methods, as well as concepts of adolescent misbehavior.

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In the 1900s, a separate system for handling adolescent cases came into being. “New ideas from that time, which are still made use of today, consist of: probation, parole, indeterminate sentencing, and also the establishment of different juvenile courts” (Listwan). “During the years of 1960-1980, the pendulum swung far from the a lot more revengeful courts as juvenile justice system started diverting juveniles into treatment programs, decriminalizing particular offenses, as well as ensuring due process for the culprits” (Listwan). In the 1980s, there was a “dramatic rise in crimes prices, the kinds of crimes juveniles devoted ended up being far more terrible, relocating from criminal damage as well as burglary to rape, murder, and attack” (Castillo). Listwan concurs that the juvenile justice system “moved to a more punishing philosophy” consisting of boot camps, afraid straight programs, incredibly max facilities, and also waivers to send juveniles to grown-up courts (Listwan).

Castillo after that keeps in mind that this new research “established that although juveniles might have the ability to compare right and wrong, they are less qualified than adults to control their impulses, to utilize factor to guide their actions, and to consider the effects of their conduct” (Castillo). The courts began to take that new study in account in making a decision penalties for juveniles. Presently, the adolescent justice system it leaning toward treatment over or together with penalty. As an example, L.C. Castillo keeps in mind that the death penalty, even for the most fierce, horrendous criminal activities, is not deemed ideal for juveniles due to the fact that their “features require reduction” (Castillo).

Similarly, “a life-without-parole sentence also does not serve the objectives of rehabilitation because it removes the offender’s chance to reenter society” (Castillo). Ultimately, Castillo recommended that holding cell ought to additionally be included in the checklist of punishments that are not proper for juveniles. He said that “juveniles are more vulnerable that grownups to the consequences of holding cell since their minds are not yet completely developed” (Castillo). This might lead to mental disorder, anxiousness, rage, sleeplessness, self-mutilation, ideas of suicide, as well as self-destruction.

Similarly, Listwan defines a number of success treatment alternatives for juvenile culprits. One is adolescent medicine court that “relies on therapy as well as accountability-oriented court method” (Listwan). Like drug therapy, temper administration classes are one more excellent opportunity for juveniles. Teen court is one more option to conventional penalty. “Critics stress that the court can have an adverse impact on youth” (Listwan). Researches have actually shown that the teen court design has some favorable aspects. As an example, “The fast growth of teen court recommends that they are prominent in numerous jurisdictions” (Listwan). He takes place to report that in the year of 1994 there were only seventy-eight teen court models and in the year of 2013 that number had grown to fourteen hundred. Generally, these teen courts are used for first-time, non-violent wrongdoers.

There are numerous sorts of teen courts: adult judge, young people judge (where teenagers are the court, prosecutor, defense attorney, and also the jury), peer jury, young people tribunal, or mixed model. Each of these has a different combination of grown-up managers and also teenagers. A third aspect of treatment remains in regard to the mental wellness of the juvenile. This treatment “will usually require to include medicine administration, support services for mental illness and household assistance” (Listwan).

Eventually, for “therapy to be reliable it needs to match the offenders threats and also requirements, make use of designs that are behavior as well as cognitive, consist of regression prevention, and have a strong system of incentives and repercussions” (Listwan). Here is a check out historical juvenile crime information for medication offenses, consisting of government data in addition to data from three comparable locations: Boise, Idaho; Jackson, Mississippi; and also Providence, Rhode Island.

Both government and state federal government record similar numbers like these presented above. As an example, an article from the Star Tribune notes that “Dakota County numbers reflect a similar decrease in all levels of adolescent criminal offenses. Country wide attributed in part to years of new legislation as well as funding, in addition to changing financial elements” (County). The percent changes over the ten-year duration from 2004-2013 are remarkable and demonstrate an internet of different, favorable influences.

More understanding comes from Jones and Weatherburn that wrapped up, “while rises in imprisonment likely have some result on the crime price by paralyzing wrongdoers, imprisonment is a costly way to regulate criminal activity (Jones and also Weatherburn,). They advise proactively going after treatment for the reasons that underlie the criminal activities. Could this sort of reform decrease the crime price even additionally?

As represented in the film Freeway, youngsters that grow-up in a terrible, drug-infested home do not find out the appropriate manner in which to share themselves or the degree of their actions carries their future. By fact, children design their moms and dads. If parents are doing deviant actions, children do not view anything incorrect with doing the exact same behaviors. Just as Vanessa saw her mom functioning the streets to get cash for the family, Vanessa impersonated a streetwalker in order to have the ability to most likely to her granny’s at the end of the motion picture. She discovered how to make a shank from her step-father in order to get away from jail. In some cases youngsters have great moms and dads, yet still go astray from social norms. Family members is important in creating a youngster’s personality. A child requires responsibilities, responsibilities, and also close family relationships along with some opportunities.

Interaction in a family is really essential as well. Children see the stress in a family members despite the reason and also open interaction is vital to stop the youngsters from condemning themselves for it. Parents desire their children to speak with them concerning any kind of issues that might occur, but typically do not feel the need to allow the kids to be info concerning family scenarios that impact the kids.

“A child that has actually been sexually abused is more probable to escape than any other child” (Widom). This sexually mistreated kid escapes assuming he or she will certainly have a better life far from the abuser, “but typically, the runaway becomes a prostitute to endure” (Widom). Sexual assault, physical misuse, as well as overlook are 3 ways that a family members can aid a kid right into coming to be a juvenile delinquent. An individual is more likely to be abused by an enjoyed one or somebody understands to the person than by any other team of individuals (Thio).

Poor families struggle to place food on the table and many times youngsters feel disregarded or that the circumstances of the family is their mistake. Doing without the needs makes a youngster desire things he or she does not have, which can cause theft as well as various other such deviant acts. Destitution in this excellent nation is widespread. We are the best country on this Earth as well as yet we have children that are going hungry and in need of clothes. The inexpensive food is not the healthiest of choices in many cases. Financial worries trigger many households to separate in order to get support from the federal government.

Separation is often a cause for youngsters to end up being deviant. Peer stress has long been viewed as a reason for deviant actions in youngsters. Groupthink is where grownups as well as youths appear to lose their ability to act or speak in the proper manner the more individuals are in the group. The term coined by social psychologist Irving Janis (1972 ), takes place when a team makes malfunctioning decisions since group pressures bring about a degeneration of “psychological efficiency, reality screening, and ethical judgment”(Coon & Mitter). Satisfying the group and working as an entire instead as the sum of many components is what happens to when young people succumb to peer pressure. Peer pressure is among the hardest delinquencies to avoid.

Youngsters with physical as well as discovering specials needs are commonly ridiculed, which can often result in temper. Youths, that lag others of the same age academically, are prone to criminal habits. It is assumed the less smart a person is, the most likely to commit crime she or he will be. Cognitive feature is required to reasonably consider the consequences in situations and also realize what will certainly occur if you are captured doing a “poor” action.

Sleep quality has actually been connected to excessive weight in a poultry and also the egg type circumstance. Some say obesity is caused by an absence of sleep quality and other state the lack of sleep quality triggers a boost in excessive weight. Weight problems can be a factor for a young adult or adolescent to give in peer pressure to “fit” in with the team as well as join delinquent tasks. Youngsters who are overweight have a higher rate of clinical depression, which can lead some to a sensation of helplessness (News to Use).

Helplessness can lead to misbehavior because the child does not feel that anything she or he does is worthwhile any way. Obesity has raised rapidly and some even call it an epidemic. Head of state Obama authorized an expense into law giving the United States Department of Agriculture to set criteria for public college lunches in order to combat weight problems (Jalonick). Proof has revealed kids are much heavier currently than at any other time in the background of the United States. The graph below is a little old, however it reveals that in the year of 2002, obesity was around 16 percent in both kids and also adolescences.

I believe treatment is the concept that best supports the over-arching concept of social justice. After looking at the history of the juvenile justice system, especially some of the extreme methods, it seems that treatment is a better way to help juveniles, who have many years ahead of them, choose a different path than a life tied up in the justice and criminal system.

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Works Cited

(2014). CountyAEs juvenile crime cases continue to fall; Numbers from 2013 reflect a downward trend seen across Minnesota and the nation.

Star Tribune (Minneapolis, MN). Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com. proxy-library.ashford.edu.

Ada County Juvenile Court Services. “A Report Card to Our Stakeholders.” (2013). Retrieved from http://adacounty.id.gov/

Portals/0/JVCT/Doc/Report Card 2013.pdf.

US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Boise, ID.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.

US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Jackson, MS.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productvie.

US Census Bureau’s American Fact Finder. “ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: Providence RI.” Retrieved from https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.

Yero, A., Othman, J., Samah, B.A., D’Silva, J. L., &Sulaiman, A.H. (2012).

RE-VISITING CONCEPT AND THEORIES OF COMMUNITY POLICING. International Journal of Academic Research, 4(4), 51-55. doi:10.7813/2075-4124.2012/4-4/B.7. Retrieved from: http://search.ebscohost.com.proxy.ashford.edu.

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Psychology Assignment

by | Mar 6, 2023 | Uncategorized

It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).

 

Example heading 2

It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).It is a long established fact that a reader will be distracted by the readable content of a page when looking at its layout. The point of using Lorem Ipsum is that it has a more-or-less normal distribution of letters, as opposed to using ‘Content here, content here’, making it look like readable English. Many desktop publishing packages and web page editors now use Lorem Ipsum as their default model text, and a search for ‘lorem ipsum’ will uncover many web sites still in their infancy. Various versions have evolved over the years, sometimes by accident, sometimes on purpose (injected humour and the like).